Macroevolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroevolution - Essay ExampleIt focuses mainly on the changes which occur above the levels of species (Levinton, 67). In contrast with the little evolution, it refers to the evolution changes within a species population. The shape of specification fall within the purview depending on the forces view to drive it. Comparative genomics, developmental and paleontology, contri only whene most of the assure for patterns and the process which can be categorise as macroevolution. Annelida is commonly known as segmented worms which are found in the deepest leatherneck sediments and the city park yards. During the 20th century, Annelida was divided into three main subgroups class Oligochaeta, class Polychaeta and Hirudinea (Levinton, 88). Leeches and earthworms are similar to annelids for most people. The polychaeta comprise extent of the divergence of the Annelida and is found near the marine habitat. There are even pelagic polychaeta, which swims, preying on the other plankton and fe w groups exist in wise(p) water and the moist milieus. Around nine thousand species of polychaeta are recognized, and the overall systematics groups remain unstable. The oligochaeta and Hirudinea comprise of several other species form a clade which can be referred either clitellata or oligochaeta. It is possible the group may well belong to polychaeta this makes polychaeta similar with Annelida. There is evidence supporting that all annelids have recently been groped as a single group. The common system employ to divide polychaeta was Errantia his was essentially a system to convenience with no aim of characterize evolutionary relationships. Recent analyses of the Annelida and other groups have resulted into new classification of polychaeta. The group split into two groups finger and Scolecida. Scolecida contains species less than 1000 these worms are all couch form to another. Palpate have the majority of polychaeta and is also divided into aciculate and canalipalpata. Aciculate are approximately half the polychaeta species and largely assault the old taxonomic group check bit podia. Arthropods have taken over almost all the environment on the surface of the earth. Pieces supporting the evidence run that more species of the arthropods are multi celled animals, but that is only line up for the expound species and more hobbyists are added to that list for insects. The phylum arthropod is divided in two subphyla, which are named according to their mouthparts but have several differences. The cheliceraes, named for mouthparts derived from the appearance of the legs and the chelicerae, they do not have antennae found in the subphylum. The chelicerates have half-dozen pairs of appendages. One pair of chelicerae is followed by a pair of pedipalps, legs which are adapted with other purposes rather than walking. The provide crab is an old group which has five pairs of legs and no pedipalps it resembles a shield with two eyes and a tail. They live in sandy zones have been existing for a long time looking overmuch similar as they are today. The evolutionary theory, they suggest that creatures are suited to an environment which has remained stable for a long time which would change. When exposed to direct radiation chemicals, which mutate animals DNA, changed molecules. The process of mesmerisation is known in drosophila. The metameric pattern can be extended to arthropods and other related animals. The known diversity of metameric process should evolutionary interprets the relationship between their developmental and morphological features. We view the aspects of drosophila development which involve Para segmentation and compartmentalization patterns. The regularities are compared with what is known as phenomena in other crustaceans, onyochophorans and millipedes. The Annelida segments and hypothetical flaccid bodied which cannot be

Reply to this student post Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reply to this student post - Coursework Examplecked by the veritable health cares systems considering the efforts she made in trying to make healthcare accessible and affordable to all without biasness. I harbour with this statement. The current healthcare system is wanting and only takes care of the interests of financially capable in the society. That nonwithstanding, not many can afford health insurance and therefore resort to seeking services at hospital in the event that they need medical assistance.As indicated in the post, Wald managed to create a blood between public heath care nursing and healthcares insurance. I particularly agree with the fact that this flow led to reduced hospital visits and if the same scheme would be implemented today, hospital visits would certainly be reduced as well. This initiative would go a long way in transforming the current healthcare system that is marred with prejudices. However, I fail to agree with the fact that patients need to be edu cated to retard their compliance with their care plans. Mush more needs to be done apart from education alone. It would be needless to educate the patients if the healthcare system itself does not have the goodwill to give the patients a pass off to be compliant with their care plans and meet their healthcare

Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Mix - Essay ExampleAccording to Peterson, the best way to market a brushless car washer in Terre Haute is by using the media houses, for instance, the television networks. Since television is a common berth in most regions, the wash can be marketed through this means by simply expose the whole advertisement on the local television network so that people can involve the operations of the device and make purchases (Peterson). As the fear to melodic phrase, B2B, deals with the delivery of goods and services between different business units targeting large market opportunities, business to consumer, B2C, deals with the provision of these goods and services to from the business unit to the other consumers targeting smaller client bases. Besides, as B2B operations create their identity through the personal branding often created over conviction following a multiple of steps, the B2C enterprises create this through long-term imagery initiated stepwise (Peterson). The factors that affect business in Terre Haute are both from within and from without and include the national politics and legal affairs of a country which contributes in creating an enabling environment for the businesses to ope consecrate fully, the socio-economic factors such as the availability of capital as well as the peoples beliefs concerning certain goods traded on which actually determines the consumer trends. The other factor is technological adoption which determines the rate and quality of the products released to the market consequently affecting the consumer trends.

Cannell Ltd Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cannell Ltd - Case Study pillowcaseThere is very little likelihood of profitability increasing in the near future, so every labour cost or materials costs will have to be cut back. Materials throne be very hard to get at low prices, so Cannell would apt(predicate) have to remain with its run acrossd suppliers. One area where Cannell could cut back is with its labour costs. But, to reduce its workforce could cause profitability to lead even further. The only way to decrease the percentage of labour costs is to increase labour productivity. This could be done in a number of different ways. One of the most common is by whirl bonuses to employees who reach a certain level of output. This, in turn, encourages workers to increase their output so they can receive the benefits that Connell offers. Also, the federation would benefit because input would remain the same but output would grow. If this occurred, then the company could mayhap increase its profitability by reducing its pric es and offering large sales. Once Connell Ltds profitability is luxuriously enough, the Connell Ltd can try to increase its output further by purchasing new machinery. One appointed to this would be that labour costs would decrease compared to the total costs. However, if Connell Ltd is to increase labour productivity, then it will indigence to reduce its labour turnover of 11.4 percent. The problem with high labour turnover is that is takes new employees a darn to get up to speed, and this reduces labour productivity. As long as the company is offering competitive final payment and also providing employee benefits, then there is no resolve to believe that this high labour turnover habitus will remain high for too long. (b) The employees of any workforce are a large reason behind the success of a company. The case of Connell Ltd is no differentthe manufacture of soaps, shampoos and other complimentary toiletries is a labour-intensive process. It is for this reason that the role of the employees is a huge determining factor in the success or failure of the company. I agree with the managing director in that the company should double its spending on training. A well-trained workforce can increase labour productivity and also produce goods at a double-quick rate. Because employees of Cannell Ltd work in teams, the collaboration among workers helps to either increase or decrease labour productivity. Training can take on many different meanings. Training about how to get along with fellow co-workers is by chance just as important as learning new skills to perform a job. Increasing compassionate capital can help Connell Ltd to match its larger competitors. Also, by training workers, they are more likely to enjoy their working environment because they will feel as though they are qualified to be employed by the company. One thing that Connell Ltd would have to watch out for is employees moving to a bear upon competitor after they have been trained by the com pany. Connell Ltd can help avoid this situation by (1) offering wages above the industry average (2) Rewarding long-term employees through promotions and bonuses and (3) only giving training appropriate to an employees stature in the business. As long as training costs do not get out of hand, then there is no reason why the company should

David Abram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

David Abram - Essay ExampleAbraham goes ahead to state that once human beings include their bodies, they perforce recognize that they ar also animals. Despite the uniqueness in mankind, its place is not preceding(prenominal) the animated world but instead in its midst. He also disagrees with the view that perception is the locomote of hearing, being aware or seeing something as perceived remains static, but instead its an interaction between one body and others or things, where there is a sympathetic or symbiosis relationship. He then discusses language which is rooted in the experience of senses. In a nutshell, Abrams work presents a complex, detailed and good work that defines the existence of humanity. It throws a spanner on the complacency of the perceived truths and replaces them with thoughts that if they are not understood, they will remain open questions. He refers to it as a turning inside aside resulting to loosening of the psyche from the confinement of human sphere. Simone de Beauvoir In her study, Ethics of Ambiguity, Simone de Beauvoir begins by presenting the characteristics of oppression, which includes it removes the oppressed from community members believed to be in authority and can influence decisions and also aims towards the reduction of the oppressed to the status of an object. In his work, he believes that manipulation desire is one of the main ways through which oppression is exercised. Just like Sartre, she holds that the closing of passion or desire will have a negative consequence for the creation of life-time and have a purpose in it.

Illegal Immigration ( MUST BE DONE in LESS THaN 9 hours) Essay

Illegal Immigration ( MUST BE DONE in LESS THaN 9 hours) - Essay ExampleConsidering Janet Napolitanos background sheds some light on her ambiguous positions. She is a native New Yorker that was raised in New Mexico. A life foresightful Democrat, she is governor of a state that is generally overwhelmingly Republican. Twenty years ago she was a lawyer representing a Tucson Arizona church against charges that they were smuggling illegal aliens. She won a major case that barred federal informants from investigating the Southside Presbyterian Church. Now, as Governor of a state at the heart of the immigration problem, she faces the quandary of squaring her past record with the political realities of the present.Clearly Arizona has an illegal immigrant problem. According to Pomfret, approximately 4000 illegal immigrants take part Arizona every day. That amounts to 1.5 million immigrants a year in a state with a state of 6 million permanent residents. The toll on schools, law enforcemen t, hospitals, and public programs is immense. Federal funding has skyrocketed and as Pomfret reports, ... the Medicaid bill ballooned from $200 million in 2001 to $1.2 billion in 2003, at least partially because of illegal immigration. In 2004, Arizona passed one of the most stringent laws to regulate spending know as proposition 200.Proposition 200 mandated that all non-federally funded programs and assistance to illegal aliens cease immediately. However, Pomfret states that, Arizonas lawyer general, with Napolitanos support, has ruled that the law only pertains to discretionary state programs and not to federally funded entitlements such as pabulum stamps and subsidized school lunches. The propositions advocates have sought court action to demand full implementation of the initial intent of the law. The legislators, caught in an election season have ducked responsibility and have subsided to let the electorate decide which, if any,

Should all states raise the high school dropout age to 18 Essay

Should all states come alive the high school drop pop out age to 18 - Essay ExampleThe skills become better with increased age. Hence, 18-year-old students stool more life experiences that make them better citizens. They are to a fault able to comprehend issues and act in accordance with regulations.An 18-year-old student has an enhanced maturity and cognitive capacity. Therefore, making the legal age for school dropout ensures that the union has fully equipped members to promote sustainability. Persons aged 18 geezerhood are equipped physically and mentally to enhance productivity and help in nation building.Even though, critics argue that increasing age sterilize amount to a violation of student rights and that it does not consider the talents. The school provides the platforms for talent development and nurturing. Schools also improve the interpersonal skills of individuals through diversity. Persons also learn to respect and appreciate other peoples cultures. However, such a ttributes only become better with increased age. An 18-year-old student shows good reasoning compared to the one who drops out at an early age. Therefore, all States should establish mechanisms to keep students in high schools until they reach 18 years of

Rules and Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rules and Legal System - Essay ExampleThis leave also ignore rules set down by extra-systems and will not come up with a definition of natural righteousness.Every good philosopher agrees on and presumes the presence and necessity of rules in every legal system. They however bicker on the manner of their validity and normativity. Rules are inherent in the very definition of law and of legal system and are very significant in legal process.Analytic Jurisprudence views the legal system as constitutive of norms and differentiates and severes it from some other non-legal systems extant in every possible society. According to capital of Texas (1995)1, analytic jurisprudence seeks to put a handle upon the essence or nature which is common to alone laws that are properly so c each(prenominal)ed. (p. 11)The existing works of analytic jurisprudence exist in a continuum which on one end stands theories of natural law and on the opposite, that of legal positivism with strains of both theor ies in between. More modern theories diverge from both theories forming classifications of their own.This law of nature, being co-eval with mankind and dictated by divinity fudge himself, is of course superior in obligation to any other. It is binding over all the globe, in all countries, and at all times no human laws are of any validity, if contrary to this and such of them as are valid derive all their force, and all their authority, mediately or immediately from this original. (p.41)Neo-classical natural law system use the said thesis to provide the basis for justification of legal obligatoriness and consequent state coercion. For fanny Finnis (1980)3, the principles of natural law explain the obligatory force (in the full sense of obligation) of positive laws, even when those laws cannot be deduced from those principles (p.23-24) Fuller4, on the other hand, lists eight (8) principles of procedural morality requirements, all concurring, which every law should satisfy. Accordin g to him (1964), these features mete out the enterprise of subjecting human conduct to the governance of rules. (p.106) On the opposite, legal positivists proffer criteria for validity of law other than morality. Legal Positivism asserts that it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though, in fact they have often done so. (Hart, p.181-2)5Legal Positivism. For all positivists, the law is a social construct. The Conventionality thesis insists that social convention serves as the rule of recognition of the authoritativeness of a law. The Social Fact thesis require particular facts such as the presence of a autonomous or of primary and secondary rules as rules of recognition that provide legal validity. The Separability thesis denies any convergency between

Decisions in Paradise, Part I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decisions in Paradise, off throttle I - Essay ExampleSurely, what lacks in Kava that would discourage the giant coffeehouse union from background knowledge its subsidiary in the island? Like it is reflected in the mission statement of the connection, Starbucks main drive to establish a presence in Kava is to mark off profitable operation of the company and to contribute to the betterment of accessible and economic welfare of the islanders (Kava population). Behind every attractive channel opportunity, there are numerous business risks. Therefore, it is imperative to critically examine the probable risks that Starbuck is in all likelihood to encounter prior to making a pivotal decision of establishing its presence in Kava. Initiating business on an island that is an epitome of an area under constant displeasure of natural disasters is quite a huge gamble to take. Kava is in a mess and good deal are obviously exited with the tragedy they let been experiencing, which poses a great challenge for new business set up in the area. To begin with, one of the most apparent challenges that the company will encounter when arduous to establish its presence in Kava is prevalent disaster threats. Kava is known to be under constant threat of tidal waves, typhoons, tornadoes, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, HIV/ aid, avian flu, terrorism and petroleum spill. These would most likely affect the companys operation processes. As such, it would be crucial for the company to employ strong research team to study and recommend a location which exhibits minimal exposure to natural disasters. The company should also establish an effective medical team to ensure that cases of avian flu and HIV/AIDS risks are well taken care of. Another possible problem that is likely to affect the company concerns human resources. Over 50 percent of the population of Kava constitutes young individuals at a lower place 15 historic period of age. As such, the company faces a huge challenge concerning recruitment. To counter this problem, the company will develop part-time employment initiatives for those who are under 16 years of age. Ethical business practice is another diagnose challenge that the company will have to reckon with. First, greater percentage of the islands population is below 15 years of age. This poses a big challenge on employee engagement. The company will have to ensure that it does not violate the minimum age requirement when recruiting workers. The majority of the countrys population is under 15 years, which exposes the company to numerous suits for using child labor. Another consideration that the company will have to make is upholding ethical production practices. In the contemporary world, many companies are establishing their presence in some(prenominal) domestic and international markets by preaching going thou gospel (Mullerat, 2010). According to Horrigan (2010), the going green concept is politically oriented compelli ng organizations to exhibit their social incarnate responsibility by covering their green credentials demonstrating their positive contribution towards sustainability and community development. Starbuck has principles that drive its mission, which is in line with social corporate responsibility requirements. Our coffee principle emphasizes on quality while our partners principles concentrates on respect and dignity in its operations. The company ensures perfect human connection in dealing with its customers and models its stores

Effect of environmental regulations on trade Essay

Effect of environmental regulations on trade - Essay ExampleHeld and McGrew (2002) review several definitions for globalization and emphasize that spell all argon accurate, few capture the complexity of the phenomenon and therefore, do non comprehensively define globalization. From their perspective, while it is virtually unachievable to define globalization in a single sentence, it can best be described as an economic phenomenon whose primary motivation is the imposition of the crownism and economic liberalization upon the global economy and, in brief, the globalization of capital.According to this definition, globalization is the removal of obstacles towards the movement of goods and services across national borders, such as instant and export taxes, customs and tariffs, resulting in reduced state control over economies and markets.As may be inferred from the antecedent definition, globalization has facilitated the movement of capital goods across national borders, with litt le, if any, state intervention.Within the context of this understanding, globalization has expanded markets and, authorizedly, has provided producers, manufacturers and clientele entities both with access to unusual markets and the ability to compete with house servant goods on relatively equal terms.Even while emphasizing the validity of the aforementioned and stressing that trade liberalization has, to a very large extent, achieved all of the stated, it is important to concede to the fact that environmental regulations have countered the trend towards the free movement of goods and services across national boundaries. ... 2Effect of Environmental Regulations on good dealAs may have been deduced from the introduction, environmental regulations prompt international trade volumes and patterns. The extent to which it may do so will be examined in this section.2.1Trade VolumesSeveral studies have upheld the argument that environmental regulations have the potential to function as obstacles to the movement of capital goods and services across national boundaries and, in so doing, afford domestic producers an advantage over foreign ones. These same studies have also found that countries which have comparatively lax environmental regulations have a comparative advantage over those which have more stringent regulations, insofar as attracting foreign straightaway investment is concerned (McCormick, 2001 Anweiler, Copeland and Taylor, 2002). On the basis of empirical evidence, however, Anweiler, Copeland and Taylor (2002) find that the aforementioned comparative advantage is not sustainable. For example, Mexicos lax environmental regulations may have afforded it a comparative advantage where US foreign necessitate investment is concerned but it has hardly contributed to the growth of Mexican international trade and exports since operative environmental regulations in other countries act as an obstacle to the entry of Mexican exports. Similarly, the comparatively low standards of domestic environmental regulations in the United States have adversely impacted US international trade volumes (McCormick, 2001). Indeed, in his study of US international trade from 1958-1994, McCormick (2001) found that environmental regulations functioned as a serious obstacles to US exports and trade, especially to Europe and

McDonalds Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability Research Paper

McDonalds Corporate friendly function and Sustainability - Research Paper ExampleThe company provides food for the public and tries to fulfill this service in an ethical way that takes socially and environmentally friendly approaches. The firms core values ar to provide nutritional wellbeing, environmental responsibility, create a sustainable food supply chain, provide body of work and contribute positively to the residential district. The main aim from each of these values is to provide quality services at each stage of production. The company provides fresh food, using ethical means and productive partnerships (Social right). The company has also provided employment for individuals in 117 countries in the world. This reduces the unemployment rate and improves peoples living conditions in the community. The companys menu caters for approximately 1,900 customers in different restaurants across the country (Social Responsibility).McDonalds is i of the most successful businesses in the world. It is the most popular foodservice provider in the world and has one of the highest returns on the stock market (Singh). The company has a good reputation and tries to maintain this by sense of hearing to the customers needs and catering for them in every way mathematical. The company is committed to the community and the customers and puts their needs first. Each year the company aims to enhance its sustainability efforts. The stakeholders in the company implement the best possible strategies, with the aim of finding new opportunities and setting new targets to advance and improve the company.The company has implemented many sustainability programs and policies. The company has tried to work together with partners at different stages of food production to improve the conditions of the employees. In 2007 Mc Donalds set a goal and implemented measures to improve the working conditions of employees in the Florida tomato plant industry. The company only

Electronic positioning system (marine navigational radar) Essay

Electronic positioning system (marine navigational radar) - Essay ExampleThis meat can be observe when a person shouts in a valley. The sound sways travel to the near mountains and get reflected. The person thus hears rear his own voice. The time taken by the sound beats to retrograde back depends upon the distance between the persons and the mountains. The similar concept is applied in RADAR. Here tuner waves be emitted by the RADAR which travel in all instructions. If an determination comes in the way of these waves they get reflected back with the quicken of light and detected by the RADAR. By knowing the time elapsed between move and receiving back the waves, the position of the object can be determined by calculating the distance the wave has travelled.Now in order to calculate the speed of an object the concept of Doppler shift plays its role. When a wave is reflected by a moving object its nature depends upon the movement of that object. If the object is moving to wards the source of the wave, because the pitch of the wave will be higher than if it is moving away from it. This can be observed in case of a car blowing its trump card. When a moving car approaches a person the horn seems to be louder and when it moves away it become s somewhat fainter. Knowing the pitch of the sound wave the speed of the car can be detected. This principle is applied in case of RADAR where a radio wave is used instead of a sound wave. The pitch of the reflected radio wave determines the speed and the direction of motion of the object. Combining the Echo and Doppler Shift, we can exactly determine the position, speed and direction of motion of an object in the sea with the help of a Navigational RADAR.Components of Marine Navigational RADAR There ar five main components of a Marine Navigational RADAR.senderModulator approachReceiverIndicator1. TransmitterA transmitter is a device which transmits radio waves into the air. These waves are generated inside the RA DAR. 2. Modulator It allows waves to be omitted as pulses (Integrated Publishing, n.d.).3. AntennaAn overture is used to give direction to the radio waves being transmitted. These waves are sent as beams. The antenna is always in rotating condition so that the whole of the area is covered.4. ReceiverIt receives back the reflected waves from the objects and converts the information into operating(a) data (Integrated Publishing, n.d.).5. IndicatorIt is a device on which the received information is plotted. It shows the position of the object in the form of a mark on a screen. The standard indicator that is used mainly is know as Plan Position Indicator (PPI). It

Risk assessment and management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

find perspicacity and management - Essay ExampleTheir tools are- To keep account of their own pretends, risk assessment and prevailing regulations - To put internal goals for work environments based on risk assessment- To keep the employees advised and instructed, to have sufficient knowledge available to manage risks and ensure that the employees participate in the Health and golosh (H&S)-work. - To assess dangers and problems, measure exposure if necessaryThe company as well has to carry out preventive measures deal- Substitution of chemicals, products, methods or processes- technical foul measures (encapsulation, confinement, exhaust devices)- Organisational measures- Hygienic measures (clothing, availability of lockers and showers etc)- Providing personal protective equipment (PPE)- Perform internal audits, in form of verifications as well as revisions, surveillance3- Evaluation of preventive measuresStakeholdersStakeholders should also be involved in the risk management in production and transportation of Formaldehyde so that a transparent and effective process is ensured. When stakeholders are involved, it gives them a chance to take part in the interactive exchange of information and opinion about risk. It also helps to connect gaps in understanding, to add to the dispersal of values and perceptions, and to assist the exchange of information and thoughts that allow all parties to make knowledgeable decisions. (http//www.fao.org/docrep).According to the European Chemicals Bureau, elimination should be the main objective. But since the manufacture of Formaldehyde and its transportation is the main reason of survival of the fittest of the company, it mint adopt by taking preventive measures and... Risk assessment and managementThe different risk management tools which the management can use to reduce risk in the manufacture and transportation of methanal is (Ackley 1980, Bosseau et al 1992).The company has to implement the regulations laid out b y the concerned body and has to try to establish a form of quality assurance (Internal Control) to ensure that they are actually implemented. This includes responsibility for characterising exposure, performing appropriate risk assessment of conditions and taking the necessary preventive measures. Do away with risks Less risky situations can be ensured by bringing in changes in the productive process or substitution of unplayful substancesDecrease and limit risks by taking measures at the source of the exposure such as isolation, aspiration, ventilating system systems, and other actionsAnd finally, protection of workers, in case the risks are not full eliminated, or properly reduce and controlled. The worker has to be provided with individual protective equipment. Sometimes a combination of the three prevention measures above-named may be required.If at all these preventive measures cannot be taken, then the risk is not fully eliminated or it can be said that it is not at a min imally acceptable degree. Technical evaluations in the form of tests to workers and the workplace environment should be done to compare the actual exposure in the workplace with threshold limit values.

Write an article with a right wing and left wing about exclusions and Essay

Write an phrase with a right wing and left wing about exclusions and the summer riots - Essay ExampleThe section of education acknowledges that there was eminent occurrence of school exclusion among the pupils brought before the court.Exclusion is materially and socially established. Exclusion has substituted the older phrases of expulsion and suspension which were the approaches for elimination of unruly students from school. Exclusion of students from school has repercussions that widen out of doors education to the capability for the young individuals to take part entirely in the general public later(prenominal) on. This acts as punishment for those students who go against the rules and regulations of school settings.Recently, a study on socially excluded students and pupils in fall in Kingdom showed that they were not enrolled in any education institution, had no education, employment and training qualifications, live on state assistances and engrossed in minor crimes. This estrangement from training and schooling attributes to educational, social or frantic problems that were not adequately addressed in their early years of education. In the summer riots, young concourse looted stalls and corporations. Such acts are beyond reasonable doubt contrary to the penal edict and subject to punishment. The young people are outside the social mainstream and live in a refining at odds with any cannons of proper behaviours. One of the primary roles of educational institutions is to bring up a morally upright society. Since the institutions cannot condone such unethical behaviours the only solution is always to eliminate the undiscipline students from the institutions.Education institutions should heighten discipline among the students through setting up standards of behavior. The schools should also review their behavioural standards and policies and denude to the students and parents. Once a student is found with indiscipline cases, he or she should be repr imanded, removed from the class, lapse privileges or a letter send to the parents or

Long-Term Financial Options Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Long- Financial Options - stipulation Paper ExampleA safe investment is wholeness, which offers reasonable protection against the risk of capital loss. achiever in minimizing investment risks really depends on you, your temperament, and the approach you decide to adopt towards investment matters. Two other ways to minimize investment risks and ensure great safety are variegation and liquidity.The principle of diversification is best stated in the oft-quoted maxim never put all your eggs in one basket. Spread your money over a number of widely contrastive assets buy real state, shares, debentures, brass securities, silver paintings or whatever else you consider to be an attractive investment. Diversify geographical in-law does to centralize all your investments in one city, state or region of the country. On the stock market, diversification potbelly be achieved by buying shares in a number of companies, manufacturing different products, operating in different lines of busi ness, belonging to different business ho physical exercises and catering to different markets. Diversification has the additional advantage of protecting you against your witness prejudices and errors of judgemen1It also enables you to hedge your bets, reduce your potential losses, and provides you with an-built insurance against unforeseen dangers and pitfalls.However, despite many points in its favor, diversification does not provide a satisfactory answer to many investment problems. In the final analysis, diversification is nothing more than average investing. It helps you to get average, or close to average, returns-nothing more, nothing less. Diversification is of little use to you, if you aim to beat market averages and get high returns. For that, you will have to deploy your investments in potentially high-return assets and investment media. Moreover, excessive diversification greatly enhances the problem of investment management and control. The more diversified your invest ments, the greater will be the problems you face in exercising effective managerial control over them. Therefore, as in risk versus return, the successful investor has to balance the advantages and disadvantages of diversification as against concentration.

Cultural Relevance of Artwork Essay Example for Free

ethnical Relevance of Ar twork EssayThe very genius of an wilework remains in the time it was created. at that get off is no better way to appreciate fine art than to show its situational context, that is, the space and time of its creation. whole caboodle of art are like photographs taken in a particular time and place.In this paper we look for the situational context of triad works of art (1) Produced in the slow seventeenth century, matrimony of bloody shame and Joseph is Peruvian word- characterization (2) Pierre-Auguste Renoirs Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando (1879) shows two issue Parisian girls and (3) chassis of a puzzle dimension a nestling, created in the 19th century by an unknown Lulua artisan (See Appendix). All three pieces of art tell interesting, unique tales ab come to the fore their work onrs and the conditions of their multiplication.Whats more than, layers upon layers of human thought through different times and places of human history w hitethorn be un cosmosed through this process of art appreciation. Our present understanding of diachronic societies and cultures must also influence the process of interpreting a work of art. After all, one pupil whitethorn consider a painting with the eyes of a sociologist in our time, term an other(a) may be a trained psychologist. Such designations did not exist before now. Regardless of how an artwork is interpreted and with what lens and in which frame it is looked through works of art stay alive as we reap historical information through them.As the following section on married couple of Mary and Joseph shows, it is achievable to develop various(a) interpretations somewhat the time and place of an artist even if researched historical information is there to assist us in our interpretation. Wedding of Mary and Joseph Produced by an unknown artist, Wedding of Mary and Joseph is an crude oil painting on lowlifevas, depicting the couple getting married before the high pri est who is mantled in a richly flower-patterned hooded mantle (Wedding of Mary and Joseph). There are clergymen assisting the high priest. Joseph is carrying his module which has flowers at the top.Moreover, both the bride and bridegroom permit atomic number 79en halos. Ann, the find of Mary stands right behind the bride. By Anns side is a suer of Mary who has been rejected by Gods command. The suitor is shown breaking his staff, which has not flowered like the staff of Joseph (Wedding of Mary and Joseph). The painting is enriched by gold stamping, which unifies the com space (Wedding of Mary and Joseph). There are Peruvian flowers scattered on the ground where Mary and Joseph stand. This transfers the scene of the Bible from the Holy Land to Peru (Wedding of Mary and Joseph).Furthermore, it describes an important movement in Peruvian art history by the name of Cusco School (Bennett). Indeed, this painting accompanies a very important head in Peruvian history. Spanish coloni zation had not only managed to transfer the Spanish Inquisition to the Spanish territories around the globe, but also brought European art into Peru (Bennett). The Spanish Inquisition had claimed many another(prenominal) lives in Europe. In Peru, the Inquisition had centered on the discovery of concourse who were Jews by birth, but had claimed to have converted to Christianity. These sight were suspected to have gone back from Catholicism to Judaism.Thus, the Peruvian Inquisition was about punishing the Jews or converted Catholics for apostasy (Lea). The Peruvian Inquisition had taken place in the seventeenth century. Seeing that the sociopolitical environs of Peru revolved around religious affairs at the time, it is not surprising that the Christian, Peruvian artists started a rising art movement the Cusco School to create religious art in particular (Bennett). As a matter of fact, the Wedding of Mary and Joseph is a perfect example of Cusco art. The Cusco School happens to be the largest movement of art in the Peruvian art history.The movement was represented by mestizo painters and sculptors who produced countless depictions of religious figures beautify in gold (Bennett). The Spanish colonizers had used religious art to teach Christianity to the New World. Subsequently, the native artists of Peru had begun to denote European art with their local style and tradition (Bennett). So, while the figures of Mary and Joseph in the Peruvian painting reveal European, Christian influence on the Peruvian artist the flowers and long tailed birds of Peru scattered on the ground show that the artist continues to love his land despite colonization.The golden halos of the bride and the bridegroom are, of course, the signature of the Cusco School. Hence, the painting, Wedding of Mary and Joseph, reveals itself as an excellent in additionl to understand the culture of Peru with respect to Spanish colonization. By discovering more about the conditions of the artist s time, history of the Americas may also be studied in broad depth. Moreover, this painting helps viewers to appreciate how artists are influenced by their environments and the times. Acrobats At The Cirque FernandoProduced in another place and time altogether, renowned Parisian painter, Pierre-Auguste Renoirs Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando (1879) shows two real girls, most credibly between twelve and fifteen years of age, taking turns to perform their act at the circus (Mancoff). The facial nerve and bodily expressions of the girls and their onlookers are open to any number of interpretations. One of the young girls is carrying balls around her chest while the other is communicating with the audience as part of her act. The girl who is communicating with the audience has a questioning, ingenuous expression on her face.The one who is carrying balls is possibly waiting for her turn to perform. She, too, is impoverished and fresh in display as the other. However, she seems to be dwelling on her new experiences of semi-adulthood. Perhaps she is musing on the boys in her life the young men who admire her very much. The audience envisioned in the painting, behind the bodies of the two young girls, appears to consist of men alone after all. The men appear like judges, in their black coats, magnanimous them the semblance of uniformed officers.Only one of the men has his face visible through the painting, and the face is gravid enough for the girls to display their innocence in all its glory with the assumption that the counterpart of a grating and doubtful attitude must be softness. Although the girl carrying the balls has her back turned toward the hard faced man, she knows that she too would have to perform. The expressions of the male and the females in Renoirs Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando are rather similar to the expressions of the two sexes depicted in many of the artists works of the time.The charr is seen as the adored and innocent object that performs, even though the man is hard faced, perhaps weary of the work that he performs to support for his family day after day. The woman is the amuser, the muse, and the object of entertainment to fend for. After all, she is bonnie (Norfleet). The only beautiful facet of the man is that he is strong in Renoirs paintings, at least. What is more, the man is always gross(a) at the woman in Renoirs works. He fondles her whenever he has the chance.The woman remains faithful to him this is depicted through the innocence on her face. If she becomes unfaithful she knows that the hard faced man would discontinue supporting her. The cut word for thank you is merci, which, if used in English, perfectly describes the attitude of the woman in late nineteenth century Paris. Although Paris was one of the first places in the west where women were generally believed to have been liberated, Renoirs painting reveals that the women were definitely not liberated through promiscuity or debaucher y.Rather, the urban Parisian women in the late nineteenth century seem to have been given permission by their men to be out and about, entertaining them, while remaining faithful to their innocence as well as their marital vows (Norfleet). As the facial expression of the young girl carrying the balls in Renoirs Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando reveals women understood their position in Parisian society even as they were aware that men and women are equally open on each other. Then again, the painting remains open to numberless sociological interpretations. construe of a vex Holding a kid As our analysis of Renoirs painting shows, it is possible to understand the situational context of a painting in any number of ways. Sociologists and historians may be more concerned in discovering the history of society in a block of time. If psychoanalysts were to join in, there would be various intricacies of the human mind revealed through artworks. On that note, Figure of a Mother Holding a Child is a very interesting scratch because there are multiple ways of understanding its import.On one hand, the sculpture is a perfect depiction of the pain of starvation that the African plenty have been experiencing for a long time, and that nobody outside of Africa has done anything consequential about despite the fact that the correct world discusses it. On the other hand, it represents a ritual that the Lulua tribe of the Democratic Republic of Congo had dear for its own survival (Figure of a Mother Holding a Child). The sculpture is that of a skinny, African female with an infant in her arms.The womans head is larger than her body. The bone lines on her neck are particularly telling. Even so, the bone lines on her neck and the wrinkles on her face had actually been created by the artist to show that the Lulua peoples had used scarification to adorn their bodies (Lulua Tribe Democratic Republic of Congo Figure of a Mother Holding a Child). Indeed, it is scarification that adorns the woman carrying the infant. Just the same the viewer is do to feel sorry for the woman and her child because they appear extremely poor.Made with wood and copper alloy, the woman in the sculpture has bulging eyes and a pointed base (Figure of a Mother Holding a Child). According to the Brooklyn Museum, the base was most probably thrust into a pot containing earth and various bishimba, or materials of mineral, plant, animal, or human origin endowed with protective powers (Figure of a Mother Holding a Child). In actuality, the sculpture had been created for a Lulua woman who had experienced difficulties in childbirth.The Lulua people believed that it was the evil spirit which interrupted the process of childbirth for women. So that the woman would attract the ancestral spirit of the Lulua tribe and get rid of the evil spirit, the artist gave her the sculpture to care for until delivery. The bulging eyes of the sculpture reveal that the woman is aware of the influence of the evil spirit that is stopping her from becoming a mother (Lulua Tribe). The Lulua peoples had migrated from western Africa to the Democratic Republic of Congo during the eighteenth century.These people lived in small regional chiefdoms, and therefore formed closely knit communities (Lulua Tribe). Because they were immigrants, they were rather concerned about their continuity. Moreover, the Lulua people believed that their sculptures had to be created for religious reasons (Lulua Tribe). The Lulua artists who created sculptures such as the Figure of a Mother Holding a Child must have had faith that they were carrying out their moral duty toward their own people. Indeed, the religious values of the Lulua people were guarded by their art. inscribes of females were quite popular among them, as these figures exemplified the union of physical and moral beautify ( metonymic Sculpture). The Lulua people believed in equating proper behavior with physical beauty (Figurative Sculpture). It can be inferred that the Figure of a Mother Holding a Child and all other sculptures created for the same reason were reminders for the Lulua people that the human body cannot be separated from morality. This principle is clearly exemplified by the bond between mother and child. ConclusionWe focused on the political conditions surrounding the artist of Wedding of Mary and Joseph. Societal context of Renoirs painting, Acrobats At The Cirque Fernando, was explored with a brief overview of gender transaction in 19th century Paris. This study may have been conducted with historical information gleaned through novels, too. Finally, the heathenish context of Figure of a Mother Holding a Child was explored. Although this discussion was centered on political, societal and cultural contexts of three works of art, it was clarified as part of the discussion that an artwork may be appreciated in any number of ways.There are countless theories and innumerable stories about the history of mank ind. What is more, every piece of artwork tells a tale about the space and time of its artist alone. The work lives on as students of art and historians delve into paintings over and again. Any number of assumptions could be make about the situational context of an artwork thus. Perhaps, therefore, it is reasonable to state that a work of art has as many minds as interpreters as the number of people that consider the artwork through the passage of time. Moreover, only assumptions can be made about the situational context of an artwork.History is best left to those that lived it. After all, we only make educated guesses about what people of the past lived through to gather useful information for our lives in the present. Works Cited Bennett, Caroline. Art and Architecture. Viva Travel Guides. 11 Nov 2008. http//www. vivatravelguides. com/south-america/peru/peru-overview/art-and-architecture/. Figurative Sculpture. Central African Art. 11 Nov 2008. http//africa. si. edu/exhibits/jou rney/figurative. html. Figure of a Mother Holding a Child. Brooklyn Museum Collections African Art. 11 Nov2008. http//www. brooklynmuseum. org/collections/african_art/50. 124. php. Lea, Henry C. Inquisition in seventeenth Century Peru Cases of Portuguese Judaizers. Modern History Sourcebook. 11 Nov 2008. http//www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/17c-lea-limainquis. html. Lulua Tribe Democratic Republic of Congo. For African Art. 2006. 11 Nov 2008. http//www. forafricanart. com/Lulua_ep_56-1. html. Mancoff, Debra N. Paintings by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. How Stuff Works. 2008. 11 Nov 2008. http//entertainment. howstuffworks. com/paintings-by-pierre-auguste-renoir7. htm.

Cultural Boundaries Essay Example for Free

Cultural Boundaries EssayYouth ending has been studied from several ideological perspectives on assumptions that they are not isolated and untouched by the meet culture (Keyes, 2000). This notion has lead researchers to assume that youth culture is not part of growing up, but a phenomenon that occurs as a precipitation of the social, political, pagan and ideological factors. There is not nonpareil monolithic youth culture that defines all spring chicken masses.Popular youth culture embraces a motley of sub-cultures or tribes such as skaters, druggies, snobs, band geeks, Satanists, Jesus freaks, techno-goths, computer dweebs, blacks, Latinos and white trash. Groups distinguish themselves by dress, style, music, dust modification practices, race, ethnicity, and language. (Hines, 1999) Thus a researcher, who intends to study the ethnic, racial, political, cultural, sociological or linguistic aspect of a subculture, ofttimes ends up in analysing one of the factors and tend to romanticise or over-politicise these aspects.Thorntons study on nightclub cultures and Navas treatise on youth and consumerism are good examples in this genre. The debates on how best to conceptualise some(prenominal) the structural and cultural transitions of schoolboyish people remains a central issue in the sociology of youth. In these debates cultural approaches have been criticised for neglecting the role of social divisions and status inequalities in sprightlinessstyle choices (Bennett 2002). The cultural night lives of young people have provided fertile ground for social researchers.There have been explorations of the character and division of trip the light fantastic toe scenes (Thornton 1995), the relationship between femininities, womens clubbing experiences and feminism (Pini 1997a, 1997b), clubbing experiences (Malbon 1999) and the relationship between drug social occasion and clubbing (Henderson 1993 Merchant Macdonald 1994 Forsyth 1997). What has not been stu died so well is how people become clubbers, what practices this entails, what kind of young people invest in this lifestyle, what resources are required to do so, whether this process is gendered as well as if and how this experience has impacted on their sense of identity.Earlier studies portrayed Rave culture as macrocosm a social arena where social divisions were put aside and anyone and everyone mixed together (Henderson 1993 Merchant Macdonald 1994). Yet, more recent studies suggest that distinctions do operate between mainstream and hip club scenes (Thornton 1995), that nightlife provision exploits existing cleavages in the youth population, and segregates young adults into particular spaces and places (Hollands 2002, p. 153).Given this it seems important to unpack further the nature of boundaries the divisions between us and them the boundary work that we do and how boundaries are constituted in social interaction. Thornton asserts club cultures are bask cultures, but as she also points out, practices of distinction do not just involve taste and cultural hierarchies are numerous (1995, p. 3). What other practices of distinction are involved in identification and differentiation processes, some(prenominal) within and between club scenes?It seems unlikely that these processes and practices are wholly elective. Young peoples experiences of clubbing, their lifestyle choices, need to be contextualised and conceptualised in such a way that recognise that some young people are more able than others to engage in particular styles of life, and consumer and cultural activities, such as clubbing. Boundaries are about both the individual and the collective, notions not new to youth research.Willis (1978) suggested that become a hippie or a bike boy involved not only cultural knowledge, but also a process of developing group sensibilities, and these sensibilities could be used to name and differientiate one group from another. The notion of becoming is a way of exploring both individual and group processes (Becker 1991) how young people learn to use unpaid drugs, learn particular practices, affiliate with a culture, lifestyle or social group and invest in additional forms of identification, as well as encounter cultural barriers that constrain participation and processes of becoming. typic interactionist theories would suggest that notions of what and who you are, as well as what and who you are not, only become meaningful and significant by means of interaction with others. When social anthropological and symbolic interactionist conceptualisations of boundaries are brought together they can help us escort how people come to form into collective groups, groups that construct shared meanings through interaction.Symbolic boundaries, group life or how people do things together (Becker 1986), are interactional resources that groups draw upon to create their own boundaries. These notions put up a fruitful way to explore the relationship between the individual and the group, and the divisions between us and them name in the empirical studies exploring the cultural night-lives of young people. Moreover, it may be that identifying as and becoming a clubber may only acquire meaning in relation to and in contrast to those who do not identify as or become clubbers.

American Has Too Many Malls Essay Example for Free

American Has Too Many Malls EssayMany traditional brick-and-mortar retailers are being jeopardise with economic destruction by their online competition. Ive had the opportunity to spend some time looking at this issue, and I believe were seeing clear signs that the e-commerce revolution is seriously impacting commercial real ground and leave continue to do so. Online retailers are relentlessly acquiring success in many retail categories. As a result, many offline personal line of credites are fighting to survive for their economic life. A number of somatic retailers have already succumbed to online competition including Circuit City, Borders, CompUSA, Tower Records and Blockbuster. Many other physical credit linees are similarly showing signs of serious economic distress. While many of these large businesses collapsed due to their inability to compete online, The shop nitty-gritty is also in danger from the online shopping revolution. Many malls are closing stores by the thousands, and in that respect are few large physical chains opening stores to take their place. The recession in 2008 was the throttle valve for bringing down many of these businesses, but competition from online retailers continued the financial difficulties for many offline retailers. The mall business isnt economically healthy either.Most professionals understand that profound changes are afoot. Don Wood, CEO of federal real property investment trust, says there is too much retail supply in this country. The wall street ledger reports green street advisor (forecasts) that 10 percent of the roughly 1,000 large malls in the U. S. go out deceive within the next 10 years . Thats a conservative estimate. Many mall CEOs predict the affliction rate will be higher. I agree with the above perspectives. A report from Co-Star observes that there are more than 200 malls that have vacancy rates of 35 percent or higher.This is a clear marker for shopping center distress. In short, These malls are becoming ghost towns. They are non economically successful now and will only get less so as online business continues to steal retail sales from physical stores. Hundreds of malls will soon need to be repurposed or demolished. secure malls will stay successful for a while since retailers are willing to pay for foot employment and customers, but even they stand in the path of the shift of retail spending from offline to online.However, despite the exacerbate of physical commerce, there has been a huge rise in online commerce. If I were thinking of starting a new retail brand right now, I would unquestionably start it online. many very quick entrepreneurs are doing just this. I personally shop at Bonobos for pants, J. Hilburn for sweaters, Ledbury for shirts and Warby Parker for eyeglasses. In the past, these retailers have started in the mall but they now are starting online. This is a trend that will undoubtedly continue.There will clearly be fewer new offline r etailers to take the space vacated by the disappearing brick-and-mortar chains. This puts further blackjack on malls to try and make money. While doing research for this article, I came across a fascinating website called deadmalls. com. it is a site that chronicles the stories of hundreds of already or soon-to-be dead malls. Unfortunately for mall owners and people who work inside them, the capacity on deadmalls. com is about to expand substantially. There just are too many malls in America, and this will only get worse.

Tell Me About Blood Essay Example for Free

Tell Me About Blood Essay1. Hematocrit is what measures the personnel casualty kind reddish cells in line of products. Red communication channel cells atomic number 18 important for transporting iron and group O and for creating energy. If the red blood cell amount is lower-than-normal it could indicate several diseases and problems within the body. It may be due to anemia, bleeding, destruction of red blood cells, leukemia, malnutrition, low iron, folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 or overhydration. A bacterial infection causes white blood cells to increase, since they argon the cells that endeavor and destroy the bacteria. As the white blood cells increase, red blood cells decrease.2. All make elements begin in red bone marrow as pluripotent stem cells. Pluri means several and these type of stem cells take over the ability to turn into many different types of cells. For formed elements pluripotent cells reproduce in the bone marrow and begin two different types of c ells myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells. While myeloid stem cells ended development in the red bone marrow and create the majority of formed elements in the blood, lymphoid stem cells finish up in the lymphatic tissues of the body. From there lymphocytes are created and all formed elements, including lymphocytes, are swept into the blood stream to complete their jobs. However, lymphocytes divide one time they leave the marrow, spot other formed elements do not.3. Erythropoiesis is the creation of red blood cells. The making of red blood cells (RBCs) starts in the red blood marrow with another cell called a proerythroblast. The proerythroblast is basically an im raise red blood cell. As they mature they then become a reticulocyte. A reticulocyte is the middle, or teenage, stage of a RBC. One it fully matures it becomes an erythrocyte. The swan of RBC production is regulated by the percentage of reticulocytes versus RBC circulating. Erythropoiesis is controlled directly by the amount of oxygen carried to the kidneys. If the kidneys are not receiving enough oxygen to distribute to the rest of the body, it will release a hormone into the blood stream called erythropoietin, which signals the bone marrow to create more proerythroblasts.4. If a person with type B blood were given type O blood in a transfusion, there would be no negative impact. Blood types are determined by antigens, or proteins on the surface of the blood cells. A person with type B blood has the antigen B, while a person with type O blood does not have any antigens present. Thus the term universal donor. With the antigens, we also carry antibodies, called agglutinins, which reactnegatively with the A or B antigen. Blood type B contains the anti-A antibody. Since the type O blood does not carry either antigen, the agglutinin has nothing to attack if it was introduced into the body.5. A. This WBC is a lymphocyte and its function is to fight viral infections and some leukemias. B. This WBC is a basophil and its function is to fight supersensitized reactions, leukemias, cancers and indicate hypothyroidism. C. This WBC is a monocyte and its function is to fight viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias and other chronic diseases. D. This WBC is a neutrophil and its function is to fight bacterial infections, burns, stress and inflammation. E. This WBC is an eosinophil and is function is to fight allergic reactions, parasitic infections and autoimmune diseases.6. A person with a parasitic disease would have a higher(prenominal) level of leukocytes because they are the cells that combat the parasite. Leukocytes are white blood cells, which are used to fight a variety of infections. Eosinophils are specific to parasitic infections and they attack the parasite by releasing enzymes that destroy the invader. The count would be higher because they are battling the parasite and do not return to the blood stream once they leave. This is a normal reaction if there is an invader in the body.7. Lymphocytes are responsible for the immune repartee against pathogens. Lymphocytes are continuously moving through the lymphoid tissues, lymph and blood. They only spend a few hours at a time in the blood and act as a first defense system. They are very effective in destroying bacteria and making their toxins inactive.8. Prothrombinase is an enzyme that converts prothrombin, a plasma protein that is formed in the liver, into the enzyme thrombin. Thrombin then converts soluble fibrinogen, which is another liver protein, into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin is what forms the threads of the blood clot to stop bleeding. The main(prenominal) difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are that the extrinsic pathway occurs outside of the blood vessels while intrinsic occurs within the vessels. The extrinsic pathway occurs rapidly, with clotting occurring in seconds, while intrinsic takes several proceedings and is more complex than the extrinsic pathw ay.

Hypothyroidism and its Relationship to Heart Disease and Cardiac Problems Essay Example for Free

Hypothyroidism and its Relationship to Heart Disease and Cardiac Problems EssayHershman describes hypothyroidism as a disorder which results from a deficit of the action of thyroid hormone (2009, p. 435). This condition affects the development and knead of all tissues of the body, an important example of which is the nervus. The thyroid hormone is responsible for the crucial regulation of calcium amalgamate into the sarcomeres of myocytes (Rao, 2007, p. 202). The most common effect of deficient thyroid-hormone action on any tissue is well cognize a reduction in the basal metabolic rate.For the heart, this decrease most commonly causes a decrease in heart rate. Other manifestations may include decreased cardiac output, flabby myocardium, pericardial outburst and impaired endothelial function (Hershman, 2009, p. 435). However, for the profoundly hypothyroid patient, the most frequent cause of cardiac anomalies is impaired diastolic relaxation (Klein, 2005, p. 777). Although the fall in rate of metabolism is ubiquitous in hypothyroidism, the heart experiences a disproportional change in demand and supply of oxygen, the supply drops faster than the demand.On the other hand, patients of coronary heart disease who have later developed hypothyroidism have been given either low doses of T4, or no medication at all by some practitioners (Klein, 2005, p. 777) the lowered cardiac load associated with hypothyroidism helps in ominous the stress on the heart. Nonetheless, the adverse effects of hypothyroidism on the heart and on metabolism generally off the beaten track(predicate) outweigh this small concession (Klein, 2005, p. 777). Another complication associated with hypothyroidism is hypertension.The main feature of speech of pathophysiology that results in this manifestation is the change magnitude vascular resistance due to absence of the vasodilating action of T3 (Klein, 2005, p. 776). This brand of hypertension shows decreased sensitivity to salt in take as compared to other forms of hypertension (Klein, 2005, p. 776). Hypertension in a profoundly hypothyroid patient is particularly ominous. The increase serum levels of cholesterol and lipoprotein (a), associated with the low metabolic rate, combined with the increased vascular resistance may lead to coronary heart disease (Klein, 2005, p. 77).However, its the subclinical counterpart of hypothyroidism that represents a major scrap the lack of clear cut symptoms makes the diagnosis of this latent condition difficult. In a recent study, subclinical hypothyroidism was claimed to be an independent risk factor for heart disease in women in their 60s and 70s (Hak et al. , 2000). The main pathophysiological feature is the delayed relaxation of the left ventricle after contractions, exacerbated by endothelial dysfunction and a ineptitude of the arteries (Biondi, 2009, p. 24).Serum thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH, and serum free T4 are an appropriate starting point in acquiring a di agnosis of hypothyroidism (Hershman, 2009, p. 436). Myoglobin levels in blood and urine are also excellent indicators of impairment to cardiac tissue (Klein, 2005, p. 777). Serum creatine kinase levels may also be increased, but troponin levels remain convention (Rao, 2007, p. 202). In subclinical hypothyroidism, TSH levels are moderately increased while T4 levels remain normal. ECG shows a general decrease in amplitude and the T wave may be inverted (Rao, 2007, p. 202).The give-and-take of both the latent and overt forms of hypothyroidism, in relation to the heart, involves the maintenance of steady thyroid hormone levels. Levothyroxine is the do drugs of choice in patients with a known heart condition, the dosage of the drug should be given incrementally to spend a stable normal level (Rao, 2007, p. 202). In elderly patients, some degree of cardiac ischemia is assumed present and the dosage is always increased gradually (Hershman, 2009, p. 438). Beta-blockers can be administe red to counter the unhealthful effect hormone therapy on cardiac ischemia, unless counter-indicated (Rao, 2007, p. 203).

Linguistic Anthropology Essay Example for Free

Linguistic Anthropology EssayEver since I was seven years old, Ive treasured to be a writer more specifically, a poet. I think for my chosen profession, linguistic anthropology would gain ground me better than any other field of anthropology. According to the Department of Anthropology of California State University, Linguistic anthropologists atomic number 18 interested in how many talking tos there argon, how those languages are distributed across the world, and their contemporary and historical relationships.We are as well as interested in language variation, why variations exist, how the variations are used (i. e. , do you say tomAto or tomahto? ), and what they mean when they are used in various contexts. (University, C. S, 2013). In order to be a very great writer, I believe that one must travel the world and see different locations in order to see how people communicate differently from myself. Meaning, how people form their verbs, etc. on a daily basis.The more I k now about a culture and a language, the easier it will be for me to come up with a setting and/or to develop a characters reputation based on a type of dialect. (i. e.whether I would want a character to speak in slang or very proper) A good example of this is my interest and love for the French language. I took three years of it in high school. Laura K. Lawless explains the differences between French and incline languages.French and incline are related languages in a sense, because French is a Latin language with German and English influence, while English is a Germanic language with Latin and French influence. Thus there are some similarities between them, most notably the same alphabet and a number of true cognates. (Lawless, 2013). here(predicate) are some examples of how the two languages differ When it comes to strivinged and unstressed syllables, the French stress at close of each rhythmic group, while the English tend to stress syllables in each word, plus stress on imp ortant word. The French language also uses certain verbs that require prepositions, while the English language uses many verbs without prepositions. (Lawless, 2013). A cultural lens would be helpful in my chosen profession because, as writer Layng Wong so eloquently puts itAs writers we can weigh in on thediscussion. Walking in someone elses shoes and seeing the world through their eyes cultivates humanity. Historical and cultural inside information add emotional intensity and further deepen your characters. Awareness builds understanding. (Wong,2013). I agree with Wong whole-heartedly on this heighten in order to get a true feeling of what subject ones committal to writing about, the author, even a poet must study and immerse themselves into a culture in every authority possible.Bibliography Lawless, L. K. (2013). Differences between french and english . Retrieved from http//french. about. com/od/lessons/a/differences. htm University, C. S. (2013. ). Linguistic anthropology.Re trieved fromhttp//www. csulb. edu/colleges/cla/departments/anthropology/linguistic-anthropology/ Wong, L. (2013, March 16). Looking through the cultural lens. Retrieved from http//laynewong. com/looking-through-the-cultural-lens/

Electoral College System Essay Example for Free

electoral College System analyseThe Electoral College schema is a part of the unite States Constitution. It has been present since the creation of the nation. There has never been a United States electric chairial resource not determined by the Electoral College governance (Kuroda 127). In the initiative presidential pick of 1789 George Washington was awarded 69 electoral chooser turnouts to win his get-go term as the first president of the fledgling nation.The idea of eliminating what is seen as an archaic and unwieldy form of election has been considered for years, but what to the highest degree politicians devour found is that it is never easy to amend the United States Constitution, particularly in favor of an unknown. multitude believe they have a system, that epoch cumber slightly and antiquated, still functions as the founding fathers intended it to do.With some of the founding fathers of the opinion that the average citizen was not swell up enough inform ed to make a ordered or wise decision as to who should succeed to the highest office in the land, it was thought to be imminently demote for a Congress to elect the president. When that idea was defeated, the proponents settled for having a group of unbound electors be sent to the capital each four years, and there decide for the people. Writing in the Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton verbalize It was desirable that the sense of the people should operate in the choice of the person to whom so important a trust was to be confided.This end will be answered by committing the right of making it, not to whatever pre-established body, but to men chosen by the people for the special purpose, and at the particular conjuncture. (par. 2) And still today, trance the electors are faithful to the point that an unfaithful elector is an aberration, the fact remains that electors have options and can, if they wish, simply recant the will of the people (Archives. gov 1). Besides the fact that the nation has had presidential winners who did not win a majority of the popular vote, which in essence denies the will of the people, this system is maintained (Abbott and Levine 21).There is a need for, at the very least, a major over-haul of the system, and possibly a tot completelyy new approach, bothowing for the direct election of the president by the popular vote of the American people. The arguments in favor of the Electoral College are specious today, particularly in regard to the people being informed enough to make a decision, and for that reason, as well as numerous others, the Electoral College should be discarded in favor of a system which infract expresses the will of We the People.The present system has its advocates, and they make some good points in favor of not rub the Electoral College. They rightly point out that such an act would not only be difficult, requiring a Constitutional amendment, necessitating a two-thirds majority of both house of Congress to agree, but also three-fourths of all the states would also have to acquiesce on the matter. They point out that in the past there have only been 27 amendments to this blueprint of government so well written by the nations founders.They also point out that some amendments have proven to be national disasters, such as Amendment 18. This system, they argue, has served the nation for over near 220 years and it simply is not wise to exchange a system which works for an unknown, which could result in chaos or even massive civil disturbance. It offers, they argue, both similarity and equity to the smaller states, which would have virtually no voice in a direct election system. Then comes the question of what system would be better. There are several ideas being floated occasionally as trial balloons.The Congressional District method has been proposed. It comes with its own problems, however, and fails to address some of the more troubling aspects of the Electoral College system. This s ystem proposes that each Congressional District be given one vote and allotting the two senatorial votes as a bonus for the winner of the statewide popular vote. Maine and Nebraska currently use this method. First, this system does not correct one of the perceived flaws of the current system, which is the extraordinarily disproportionate weight given the vote of citizens of less populous states.Under the present system Wyoming is given one electoral vote per 165,000 citizens, while Texas is given one electoral vote per 652,000 citizens. This makes the vote of a Wyoming citizen worth four times that of a Texas citizen. Secondly the Congressional District proposal does not take into account the self-serving gerrymandering which tends to carve up American votes as if in a feudal system, making incumbents virtually bullet-proof, so to speak, and guaranteeing a vote for the troupe in power when the district was drawn.Frequently Joe Six-pack will grumble and insist that the election shou ld be decided in a winner-take-all popular vote. This system, usually put forth as a Direct Vote with Plurality Rule has its good points and its bad. It harkens back to the days of the Greek city-states, when the citizens of Athens would all gather to directly vote for their candidate. Under this system the Electoral College would be eliminated, which would require the above-mentioned amendment to the United States Constitution, which could take years to effect.Simplistically, this system would award the presidency to the candidate with the most popular votes, irrespective of whether he or she garners a majority. This system would not prevent the spoiler-effect from occurring when third-party candidates make out the vote of one major party candidate, allowing the other to move ahead in the popular vote. And, in theory, a wide field of candidates could dilute the vote to such an extent that a winner could be declared although only winning a small plurality, should the field be large enough. With this concern, and the necessity to amend the Constitution, there are surely better alternatives.

Mini Usa Essay Example for Free

miniskirt Usa EssayAlthough there is millions of people watch the ads in TV, the most of right viewers lack it. For example, if only 1% of total viewers are potential consumers, the ad is not cost effective. call in or hold the information. It is difficult for people to recall or hold the information if they are implicated in the product currently or in future. meshwork advertise and online customization Emphasize on profit advertising and make an online customization service to potential consumers to design their own unique motors. MINI USA whitethorn take full advantage of customization of cars. This may also find some unknown consumers. Pros -Huge viewers. Internet advertising can be viewed by a lot of viewers. -Internet advertising had reached a tipping point and was about to recruit a period of accelerated growth. -Low cost Cons -Senior citizens are not online in the same numbers as younger generations. -People may ignore ads when they are browsing webpages. Most peo ple do not straddle webpage aimless and they have a goal to find what they want, so they may ignore the ads. RecommendationInternet advertising and online customization would be recommended due to several reasons. Firstly, profits advertising is cost effective since it has a set out cost and can be viewed by a lot of people. Secondly, the television advertising and printed ads are declined. However, internet advertising was about to grow. Thirdly, online customization would be interesting, so consumers may send their customized motors to their friends and it may create more participants and line more potential consumers. Finally, the potential buyers of MINI are

The Fuel Burning Speed of Cement Rotary Kiln Essay Example for Free

The Fuel Burning Speed of Cement circle Kiln EssayRotary kiln is refers to rotating calcining kiln (also known as rotating kiln), which belongs to thermal equipment. Rotary kiln can be divided into metallurgy kiln, chemical engineering science kiln, and make material kiln according to its different dealing materials. The building material kiln is importantly employ in calcining cinder cement, unslaked limestone and porcelain granule.Metallurgy rotary kiln is mainly used for the magnetizing calcining of lean iron ore in iron and steel plant in metallurgy industry, the chromites and josephinite oxidizing calcining , calcining of dewalquite and clinker aggregate and aluminum hydroxide roasting in aluminum factory Chemical engineering rotary kiln is used in chemical plant for chromium ore and chromium ore powder roasting. The limestone kiln( activity limestone kiln ) is used for calcining activity lime and dolomite in iron and steel plant and ferroalloy works Rotary kiln is th e equipment which is astray used for dealing with solid material mechanically, physically and chemically in building material, metallurgy, chemical, engineering and purlieu protection industries. Rotary kiln belongs to building materials equipment. The rotary kiln can be divided into cement kiln, metallurgy chemical kiln and lime kiln according to the different handling materials.During the operation of rotary kiln, fuel burning speed directly influences the theatrical role and production of materials roasting. As a result, customers should have a understanding of influencing factors of rotary kiln fuel burning speed. The main influencing factors are not the reaction of fuel itself but the mixture of sear gas and air as well as raising-heat speed of heated flammable gas after premix. The mixing degree and the mixing speed between fuel and air(the proportion that help air burn and temperature of heated material) have dogged the burning speed and the burning degree in that ignit ion reaction is faster than mixture.Therefore, preheating the air and coal gas is helpful to improve burning speed and the complete burning of material. Our manager said that we could conceal the vacancy position for the females. He said that the market competition is more intense. We are facing with a lot of pressure,maybe our welfare is not perfect,but we are very concerned about it. As for females who would get married,it is unrealistic to maintain too long time for the position,but a month is considerable. However, Manager Zhang promised that if the employees work without any major(ip) mistakes,we welcome for their return after maternity leave.

Compare wongs pragmatic classroom kagan kyle and scott win win discipline and morrishs real discipline Essay Example for Free

Comp ar wongs pragmatic schoolroom kagan kyle and scott win win discipline and morrishs real discipline EssayClear guidelines on how to prepare are defined for each time of the day. Procedures are divided into periods to facilitate follow throughation in class. Teachers are alike directed on preparation in the summer before classes start for the year. Procedures will stay the homogeneous this reduces behavior problems and keeps the focus on learning and educating.Teachers understand the boundaries of their control the teacher drive out focus on being proactive to prevent problems rather than wasting time reacting to problems she could anticipate. Any teacher endure implement the theory of the practical classroom without concern for over- or under-reaching with students.students accomplishments are pretentious by the procedures used. This philosophy has a solid positions that are shared with the students A Comparison of Discipline ModelsWongs Pragmatic Classroom Kagan, Ky le, and Scotts win-win discipline Morrishs Real Discipline Compare and Contrast Students are given the choose to what they smelling is good for them to do. Students, teacher and parents are involved in the rule making. Help students understand each new(prenominal)s responsibilities along with what the teachers responsibilities are. Discipline is something that the win-win problem does not do to students. Corrects the situation, which allows the students to come up cave in actions, which will result in acceptable behavior. According to Morrishs real discipline children can only learn SELF DISCIPLINE through experience. Morrish further states that when children enter school they do not have the knowledge on behaving properly. With the Three theories they all have the similarity that the teachers and students are involved in the learningprocess of the required discipline. Strengths Students, Teachers and parents all work together to establish the rules to have a better school expe rience. Teachers help students behave which is acceptable behavior to their teacher. Win-win discipline is to help students develop log-term, self-managed responsibility. Morrish rewards occasionally the students for behaving correctly. Morrish gives students fortitude that they may not have when working through issues that are sensitive.Weakness There is too a great deal compromise between teacher and student when establishing the classroom rules. Teachers are too limited on what they can do to prevent disruptions. The program is most effective if it is implemented from the first day of school until the conk out day of school. Morrish overstates the role of the teacher. The because I said so response. Morrish believes that teachers who praise children to build up their self-esteem real do more harm than good. Morris is against giving students the freedom to choose

Breast Cancer Awareness And Assessment Health Essay

embrace Cancer Aw atomic number 18ness And Assessment Health Essay class rating is one of the key skills required of public health professionals. Evaluating healthcargon interventions is authorised in target to allocate resources efficiently, assist decision-making and in shit policy1.It is also important in order for course of instruction man timers to monitor boost in achieving set objectives, improving programme activities, justify need for continuity and accountability to project funders.The proposed military rank would be carried out victimization the CDC mannequin of programme paygrade which has six steps2.This paygrade would be moderately pluralistic in nature as there would be an interplay of the perspectives of different groups3.However, the dominant perspective would further be that of the policy foxrs-a man successionrial perspective1.This valuation would be carried out three historic period after the stick out of the programme. It would take a long time t o achieve the overall programme aim, hence the need for doctrine on short or intermediate indicators (Parry)cited in4. An evaluation working(a) team would be set up for the proposed evaluation and a leader would be appointed.In this evaluation, the author would be the lead evaluator and would be responsible forselecting members of the evaluation team, scheduling meetingswith stakeholders, planning, and budgeting funds for the evaluation, addressing selective information collection ineluctably, reporting evaluation findings, and working with consultants whose work may be required. Prioragreement would be on the reasons for carrying out the evaluation, the unproblematic uptaker of the evaluation findings, funding arrangements, time-line for extremity of the evaluation and reporting of its findings.Engaging stakeholdersThe programme of importly targets postmenopausal women between 48 and 63 years as boob mountaincer commonly affects this population. However, the 40-47 age gro up would be included as betimes presentation occurs commonly in this population. The key stakeholders involved in the programme argon the clients, the Federal organisation of Nigeria, the Federal Ministry of Health, Oyo State Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Women Affairs, University College Hospital, Ibadan, programme managers, and staff. Professional associations-Nigerian Medical tie-in (NMA), Association of Radiologists of West Africa and the Medical Women Association ofNigeria (MWAN) -advocate for the writ of execution of a national booby crabmeat back programme and policy which is before long non-existent5, 6. opposite stakeholders are advocacy groups-the Genevieve bump Ball Foundation , Breast Cancer Association of Nigeria (BRECAN),Medicines Plus media groups-Silverbird Entertainment, inspirational FM, City People, Genevieve magazine, Globacom Limited-a leading telecommunications firm.The primary delectationrs of this proposed evaluation are the policy makers and the programme management.The findings would determine if the programme is deserving its value for money and would assistance inform decision on the whether the programme should be continued and if a blanket policy would be implemented. The purpose of the evaluation would be made clear and agreed upon by all key stakeholders from the outset4.It would overhear been possible to develop the logic model for this evaluation apply the supposition of change approach with the stakeholders. Defining a theory of change which is agreed by all stakeholders can mitigate the effects of causal attribution4.One representative would be selected from each key stakeholders group to form an evaluation working group. The stakeholders in the team would be asked about their vested interests in the programme, their expectations, and what resources they would put in during the actual implementation of the evaluation. The Ibadan-Ibarapa Breast Cancer Screening InitiativeThe programme was commissioned i n December, 2006 in response to the festering concern for the need for proterozoic detection of mamilla crabmeat. The programme aims is to reduce incidence and fatality rate from titmo delectation crab louse in women. Breast cancer screening is a secondary prevention programme that takes the form of physical examination using in combination with radiographic proficiencys-mammography. Health needs judgement using the epidemiological approach conducted preceding to the implementation of the programme revealed that heart cancer is the most common causal agent of effeminate cancer deaths in Nigeria.Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women globally7 and in Nigeria 5, 8-11.It accounts for the greatest proportion of cancer deaths in women in Nigeria. Previous surveys showed a rising prevalence in titty cancer in Nigeria from 33.6 per 100,000 in 199212 to 116 per 100,000 in 20015.A retrospective review of hospital-diagnosed cases of cancer revealed 1,216 cases over a four-year period with tit cancer accounting for 13.9% of the cases11 .Differences exist between the aggressiveness and survival rates in Nigerian women when compared to former(a) populations13, 14. The mean age at presentation is 48 years5. The average age at menopause of Nigerian women is 48 years15, 16. The intervention targeted at women between 40 and 64 years as untimely presentation-before menopause-has been discovered to be the dominant pattern in this population.There is generally a pitiful level of awareness and association of early detection breast cancer among Nigerian women 8, 10, 17-19.Despite the burden, there is currently no national policy or programme for early breast cancer detection5, 18. There is a high mortality from breast cancer in Nigeria. This is because most present for treatment late18, 20-22 and tumours are much aggressive, responding poorly to medical treatment23.Cultural factors and religious influences also affect health quest behaviours w ith some detected cases seeking healing from lay or traditional practitioners. Risk factors for developing breast cancer include age at menopause, at age at first live birth and parity, floor of first-degree relative with breast cancer24and smoking. Research evidence supports that early detection of breast cancer leads to improved outcomes. Surveys canvas the fellowship, attitudes and practice of female health care workers showed that with the exception of physicians, there are gaps in knowledge of the ventures of breast cancer and lower-ranking practice of early detection methods 6, 25.The activities being carried out in this programme are Breast cancer seminars and workshops for nurses, physicians, lodge health workers, public health nurses and health promotion specialists in order to increase their knowledge of breast cancer risks and change their attitudes towards screening practices clinical Breast interrogatory (CBE) trainings using breast models -donated by the Univer sity of Chicago Medical Centre-in order to enhance clinical skills in breast lump detection. Breast cancer pedagogy workshops and lectures for postmenopausal women and teaching skills in Breast Self Examination (BSE) to increase their knowledge of the derives of early detection of breast cancer and to change their attitudes and beliefs on breast cancer Counselling sessions by breast cancer survivors who are volunteers trained to help motivate women in utilising the screening service and reassurance that the benefit of screening outweighs any discomfort felt during the mammography procedure Distribution of IEC (Information, education and communication) materials breast cancer facts leaflets and posters to increase knowledge of breast cancer risks and the benefits of early detection Media campaigns through paid and unpaid advertisements in newspapers and magazines widely pick up by women radio jingles in English and the local dialect role plays on television by volunteers health pr omotion messages on television aired in English and Yoruba languages Provision of free clinical Breast Examination (CBE) and free mammography screening to postmenopausal women between ages 40 to 63 years keep is mainly from the Federal Government with equal support from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and the Genevieve Pink Ball Foundation. Shortage of health care staff and inadequately trained staff contribute to mortality from breast cancer. Cultural and religious beliefs also influence cancer health-seeking behaviours. There is increasing interest in cancer issues and many agencies are getting involved in breast cancer awareness activities. guidance the evaluation radiation patternEvaluation design and perspective interpreted by an evaluation depends on who the primary user of the evaluation is1.The proposed evaluation takes the managerial perspective1. The primary users of this evaluation are the programme managers and the policy makers (health systems). At this stage of the programme, three years after its implementation, it is inappropriate to make judgement based on the accomplishment of long-term outcomes. It will thus assess the changes in the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of the clients concerning breast cancer and the habit of the screening service. resolve of the evaluationIn future, evaluating the programme would determine if the breast cancer awareness programme and screening leads to a reduction in incidence and mortality from breast cancer in women aged 40-63 years .The proposed evaluation would carried out in order for policy makers to decide the effectualness of the programme in promoting health i.e. to survey the effectiveness of breast cancer screening as a public health policy to make decisions about continuity of the service in light of its cost-effectiveness in the face of some other healthcare needs competing for funds and to assist in policy making and implementation 4of a national breast cancer screening programme. It would also assist the programme manager in judging fidelity of implementing the programme activities.The main evaluation nouss to be dealt with can be thus can be summarised as followsEffectiveness-Is the programme working as intended? i.e.is it achieving the objectives it set out in its mandate?Efficiency- Are the programme activities being produced with tokenish use of resources? The proposed evaluation would use the Before-After (Type 3) evaluation approach1 in assessing the effectiveness of the programme in producing the change in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour that would ultimately lead to skill of the programmes goal of reducing the incidence and mortality from breast cancer. This evaluation needs to be carried out in a relatively short period and funding for the evaluation is limited. While true randomised controlled trials are said to be the gold standard for evaluation26, they would be wrong expensive to conduct and take a really long time to complete. The main prob lem with this before-after design is the issue of causal attribution- that the results may non be conclusive in proving that the outcomes are as a result of the programme activities1.The opinions and inputs of the key stakeholders would also be taken into account at this stage27.Stakeholders opinion would be sought on how the evaluation would be funded ,how long it would be carried out for and what the reasonable level of achievement should be. The number of years the programme has been in existence would help set the standard against which progress is monitored.hookup credible evidence-Data collectionThe mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods would be used in data collection.Observational methods would be used in collecting some primary data for the evaluation as there are few existing databases from which the relevant information for the evaluation can be obtained. Green and South vehemence that selecting methods for measuring outcomes of health promotion programmes sho uld be based on concern for reliability, validity, suitability for purpose, feasibility, consistency with the set and methods of working of the project and appropriateness for use with various groups4.Although validity is recognised as being in truth important in selecting the indicators for evaluation, practical feasibility should also be put into consideration4. McNamara fallacy-making the measurable important rather than the important measurable.Change in the knowledge, attitudes and practice of healthcare workers would be assessed using a organise self-administered questionnaire placed in the staff pigeon holes at the teaching hospital where the programme activities are carried out. The questionnaire would be pre-tested antecedent to its use for the evaluation. Pertinent questions would reflect social and demographic characteristics of the respondents, level of knowledge about breast cancer, risk factors for its development, symptoms, screening methods known as well as their individual practice of breast self examination (BSE) and screening using mammography as appropriate. The questions would be closed and pre-coded responses would be included in the questionnaire as these are quick to analyse28.Careful attention would be paid to the wording of the questionnaire and how the information is coded during its design in order to promise its reliability and validity. The healthcare workers would be sampled using the stratified random sampling technique based on age and gender. Responses would be anonymised to reduce the chances of reporting bias. The number of healthcare workers would be determined from the training tape kept by the programme monitoring and evaluation staff and it can be estimated from the survey in the absence of fidelity in the recording of programme activities.In order to assess if the healthcare workers have developed the appropriate clinical competence in clinical Breast Examination (CBE).Participants would be observed carrying out th e examinations. A hospital researcher skilled in ethnographic methods would be called upon to engage in this aspect of the evaluation. The limitation of this method of investigation is that observer bias is an issue to contend with and the method is not objective28.To limit observer bias, a different observer would also assess the trained participants-inter-observer analogy28.The contribution of the Hawthorne effect-a responsive effect which produces bias- is also a limitation worth noting 28.If healthcare staff are aware that they are being studied, they strive to demonstrate that they have the required level of competence in carrying out the breast examination.Changes in the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of screening in the clients would also follow the before-after method of investigation. Study participants would be arbitrarily selected from the community. Informed consent would be ensured before data collection. Data would be obtained using structured pre-coded questionn aires with earnings for open-ended questions delivered via face-to-face interviews trained interviewers. The interviewers would trained on the social skills of establishing good rapport with hatful in order to reduce potential bias28.Information obtained would include socio-demographic variables- age, marital status, level of education, religion, occupation-potential risk factors for developing breast cancer-family history of breast cancer, parity, duration of breast-feeding age at onset of menstruation, age at menopause-knowledge of screening methods-Breast Self Examination(BSE),Clinical Breast Examination(CBE) and mammography and on utilisation of screening services29.Barriers to accessing service can also be explored. Mailed questionnaires would have taken less time and would be cheaper to administer but consideration is given to the fact that most people in this community do not have mailing addresses and the literacy level is generally low.Justifying conclusionsData peaceful from the surveys would be analysed using appropriate tests with statistical software. The main exposure variables of interest the educational component of the programme and the physician skills training in Clinical Breast Examination(CBE) while the main outcome of interest is the utilisation of mammography as a screening service. Secondary variables of interest are the media campaigns, healthcare workers training, Clinical Breast Examination Other factors that would be explored would be the effect of some key demographic characteristics like age, ethnicity, and level of education on the utilisation of the mammography service. In conducting the analysis, adjustment would be made for potential confounding by other influences.The before-after status of the women receiving the educational programme would be compared. For the uptake of mammography as a screening method comparison before and after status would also be compared as though a few other mammography centres exist, none is curr ently running a similar awareness programme that may qualify its use as a non-random control.The overall results obtained would be compared with the set standards as outlined in the programme objectives or in the absence of this, what was agreed upon at the stakeholders meeting as a measure of successEnsuring use of the evaluation findingsThe findings would be put together as a draft after representing the data in well-presented graphs and tables as appropriate and circulate among the stakeholders. After reviewing the draft with the stakeholders, the results would be disseminated widely in the hospital journals, as a government publication, in women magazines and other publications as defined by the stakeholders.The results obtained are expected to help inform the development and implementation of a national breast screening policy and programme.Quality sound judgementThere are a number of frameworks that have been developed for investigating the quality of healthcare services30. T he Maxwells framework would be used for assessing the quality of the screening service.Maxwells conceptualisation of health care quality is organised some the following six dimensions31 Access to services-accessibility in terms of time ,distance and location of services, language and other cultural barriersRelevance to need (for the whole community)Effectiveness (for individual patients) Equity (fairness) Social acceptability(cultural competence)Efficiency and economy.Effectiveness The effectiveness of mammography as a screening method has been proven to be beneficial by some studies. A case-control find out reported a 50% reduction in mortality from breast cancer using mammography hence supporting its efficacy32.A recent case control study also demonstrated similar results33. Collette et alevaluated a breast cancer screening programme using different methodologies and found that early detection using mammography reduced mortality in the 50-64 age groups34. Though a previous met a-analysis demonstrated no benefit to women in the 40-49 age group35,the well cited Swedish trials have however suggested the need for screening in this age group.Efficiency and economic evaluationThis would answer the evaluation question are we making the best use of limited resources? The economic evaluation of this programme would take the managerial standpoint to answer the policy makers question on if it is the best value for money. It is important in making resource allocation decisions4. The overall succinct of the programme can be succinctly stated asActivities- breast cancer education workshops, lectures, and seminars, Clinical Breast Examinations (CBE) for healthcare workers distribution of information leaflets and posters, media campaigns, mammography.Outputs-Number of educational sessions held, number of healthcare workers trained, no of women reached by educational programme, number of women counselled, number of women screened, and number of IEC materials distributedO utcomes -increased awareness and knowledge of breast cancer risks and screening methods (short-term outcome)-increased awareness of early detection (intermediate outcome)-increase in uptake of breast cancer screening (behaviour change)Goal-reduction in incidence and mortality from breast cancer (long term impact)Accessibility, equity, relevance, and acceptabilityThe issue of accessibility and social acceptability would be addressed in the questionnaire survey of clients after the intervention.Relevance to need was initially addressed in the epidemiological needs assessment prior to programme implementation. In further evaluating the need for the programme with respect to the community, focus group discussions with carefully selected members of the community would be held. Members of women groups who are opinion leaders in the community would be involved in these interviews. This technique enables the evaluator explore in-depth views on how social, cultural, religious, and other barr iers that affect the uptake of screening service. However, they are time-consuming data is difficult to analyse confidentiality is compromised and interviewer bias is a key issue28.ReferencesOvretveit, J., Evaluating health interventions an introduction to evaluation of health treatments, services, policies and organizational interventions. 1998, Buckingham Open University Press.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health. 1999 cited 2010 7 February operational from http//www.cdc.gov/eval/framework.htm.Naidoo, J. and J. Wills, Evaluation in health promotion, in Foundations for health promotion. 2005, Baillire Tindall Edinburgh.Green, J. and J. South, Key Concepts for Public Health pattern Evaluation. 2006, Maidenhead Open University Press.Adesunkanmi, A.R.K., et al., The severity, outcome and challenges of breast cancer in Nigeria. The Breast, 2006. 15(3) p. 399-409.Akhigbe, A. and V. Omuemu, fellowship, attitudes and practice o f breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian urban city. BMC Cancer, 2009. 9(1) p. 203.Ferlay, J., et al., Global Burden of Breast Cancer. Li C et al. Breast Cancer Epidemiology, Springer Science, 2008.Okobia, M., et al., Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer A cross-sectional study. World journal of surgical oncology, 2006. 4(1) p. 11.Okobia, M.N. and U. Osime, Clinicopathological Study of Carcinoma of the Breast in Benin City. African diary of procreative Health / La Revue Africaine de la Sant Reproductive, 2001. 5(2) p. 56-62.Adebamowo, C.A. and O.O. Ajayi, Breast cancer in Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 2000. 19(3) p. 179-91.Nggada, H.A., et al., Breast Cancer Burden in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria. The Breast Journal, 2008. 14(3) p. 284-286.Ihekwaba, F.N., Breast cancer in Nigerian women. British Journal of Surgery, 1992. 79(8) p. 771-775.Ikpatt, O.F., et al., Breast cancer in Nigeria and Finland epidemi ological, clinical and histological comparison. Anticancer Research, 2002. 22(5) p. 3005-12.Huo, D., et al., universe Differences in Breast Cancer Survey in Indigenous African Women Reveals Over-Representation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2009. 27(27) p. 4515-4521. Okonofua, F.E., A. Lawal, and J.K. Bamgbose, Features of menopause and menopausal age in Nigerian women. International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics, 1990. 31(4) p. 341-345. OlaOlorun, F. and T. Lawoyin, Age at menopause and factors associated with attainment of menopause in an urban community in Ibadan, Nigeria. Climacteric, 2009. 12(4) p. 352 363. Okobia, M., et al., Knowledge, attitude and practice of Nigerian women towards breast cancer A cross-sectional study. World journal of surgical oncology, 2006. 4 p. 1 9. Oluwatosin, O.A. and O. Oladepo, Knowledge of breast cancer and its early detection measures among rural women in Akinyele Local Government Area, Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC C ancer, 2006. 6(1) p. 271.Odusanya, O.O., Breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and practices of female schoolteachers in Lagos, Nigeria. Breast J, 2001. 7(3) p. 171-5. Ezeome, R.E., Delays in presentation and treatment of breast cancer in Nigeria. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts), 2009. 27(15S) p. 1527-. Ekanem, V.J. and J.U. Aligbe, Histopathological types of breast cancer in Nigerian women a 12-year review (1993-2004). African Journal of Reproductive Health, 2006. 10(1) p. 71-5. Ukwenya, A., et al., retard treatment of symptomatic breast cancer The experience from Kaduna, Nigeria. South African Journal of Surgery, 2008. 46(4) p. 106. Gukas, I.D., et al., Clinicopathological features and molecular markers of breast cancer in Jos, Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine, 2005. 24(3) p. 209-13. Negri, E., et al., Risk factors for breast cancer pooled results from three Italian case studies. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1988. 128(6) p. 1207-1215. O. Odusanya, O.O.T., Olumuyiwa, Breast Cancer Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice among Nurses in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Oncologica, 2001. 40(7) p. 844-848. Black, N., Why we need empirical studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care. BMJ, 1996. 312(7040) p. 1215-1218. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and revention. Office of the Director, O.o.S.a.I., fundament to program evaluation for public health programs A self-study guide 2005 Atlanta, GA. Bowling, A., Research methods in healthinvestigating health and health services. 2002, Buckingham Open University Press Akhigbe, A.O. and V.O. Omuemu, Knowledge, attitudes and practice of breast cancer screening among female health workers in a Nigerian urban city. BMC Cancer, 2009. 9 p. 203. Gray, S., The contribution of health services to public health, in Public Health for the 21st Centurynew perpectives on policy,practice and participation, J. Orme, et al., Editors. 2007, Open University Press Maidenhead. Maxwell, R., Qu ality assessment in health. British Medical Journal, 1984. 288(6428) p. 1470-1. Walter, S.D., Mammographic screening case-control studies. Annals of Oncology, 2003. 14(8) p. 1190-1192. Puliti, D., et al., Effectiveness of service screening a case-control study to assess breast cancer mortality reduction. British Journal of Cancer, 2008. 99(3) p. 423-427. Collette, H.J., et al., Further evidence of benefits of a (non-randomised) breast cancer screening programme the DOM project. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 1992. 46(4) p. 382-386. Kerlikowske, K., et al., Efficacy of Screening Mammography A Meta-analysis. JAMA, 1995. 273(2) p. 149-154.