The Feasibility of Different Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions in the World

The feasibleness of contrary techniques for providing young irrigate to dehydrated regions in the world 1. 0 entree Water is the near valuable and indispensable resource for all forms of life. raft need it for every activity domestic use, culture and industry. Access to fresh body of wet is regarded as a universal human right (United Nations delegation in Economics, Social and Cultural Rights, 2003). Drought has become an increasingly grievous problem in many parts of the world. Water scarcity is most common in dehydrated and semiarid regions of the world, which cover unity one-third of the Earths land surface (Smallwood, 2011).UNESCO and the Italian Ministry for the Environment and ground (IMET) accept launched The Water Programme for Africa, Arid and Water Scarce Zones, which seeks to prep ar the potential management of water resources to protect the fragile environment of water scarce regions. Additionally, limited fresh water resources acquirable in these region s ar also threatened with deterioration in quality due to hydrological changes. The genial water in arid regions are often restricted to groundwater. come out of the closet flows are usually limited to flash floods due to short duration and high intensity rainfall events.The purpose of this report to describe the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to arid region, like Africa. Firstly, this report ordain consider the background to this problem and then it go away compare and analyze two water provision methods in Africa, desalination and dams. Finally, this report will offer some recommendations. 2. 0 Background Water is not further a physical resource in every culture it is air among social, spiritual, political and environmental meanings. So, solving the water problem means happen across all of these maturements.This is mostly relevant in countries with no perpetual rivers, streams, or permanent surface fresh water. Also, people in arid region s are uniquely vulnerable to economic and social changes. Achieving sustainable relegatement has dramatic implications for reducing poverty and hunger. Today, gazillions of people still lack glide path to basic sanitation and every year many of them die from diseases associate with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. According to The Water Project statistics, well 1 out of every 5 deaths under the age of 5 is due to water-related disease, such as cholera, diarrhoea and malari.Current predictions (UNWWAP, 2003) show that more than 20 developing countries will experience water shortage by 2025. some of this countries are found in Africa and the optic East. 2. 1 Water problems in Africa Water problems mostly take place in Africa, where it is predicted that 300 million people are affected by water shortages. (UNWWAP, UNESCO 2003) The University of Cape townspeople studied that climate change pass water a huge clashing on Africa. For example, rain shortages have a lready caused many problems there.In East Africa more than 3 million people face hunger this year, because there hasnt been any rain for three month. (BBC, 2011) Most people in Africa brave out in rural areas and they are still dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Internal renewable freshwater resources average astir(predicate) 3 950 km3 per year. This amounts to about 10 per cent of the freshwater resources available globally and closely resembles Africas share of the world population at 12 per cent (Donkor, 2003). triple of four Africans use the ground water as their main water supply.The ground water is not always available, it accounts for provided 15% of the virtuouss water. Perhaps the greatest cause of Africas problem of a lack water is that they cant effectively utilize its resources. nigh 4 trillion cubic meters of water is available every year, and only 4% of that is used. The continent and people lack the technical knowledge and pecuniary resources. In A frica is the greatest percentage of people lacking access to effective drinking water, there are 25 nations in the world and 19 are in Africa. The global challenge, 2011) So adequate management of its water resources is crucial for the future of the African continent. 3. 0 Comparison of Options 3. 1 Dams In meeting critical water needs, there is some alternative technologies, such as dams and desalination. According to ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams), a round dam is dam with the height of 15 m or more. regional inventories include nearly 1300 large and medium-size dams in Africa, 40 % of them are hardened in South Africa. Most of these were constructed in past 30 years, the lawsuit is rising demand for water from growing population.The majority of dams in Africa have been constructed to facilitate irrigation (52%) and to supply water to municipalities (20%). Although only 6% of dams were built in the first place for electricity generation, hydroelectric occasion accounts for more than 80% of total power generation in 18 African countries. Only 1% of African dams have been constructed to provide flooding control, according to the World Commission on Dams. Sudans president, Omar al-Bashir, is so proud of the new Merowe dam in the nitrogen of his country. Costing $1. billion, it will produce 1,250 megawatts and create a lake 108 miles long, above the Niles fourth cataract. (The Economist, 2010) However, if dam construction is predicted, then not only technically feasible options should be considered, but also economical viability, social acceptation and environment stability. 3. 2 Desalination In Africa, where water shortages are particularly severe, desalination technology has been developed to a point where it can see as a reliable water source at a price almost comparable to that of the conventional sources.Desalination techniques are one of the available tools to avoid stressing freshwater resources. Nevertheless, they should always b e considered as just one of the components of an integrated water resources management process developed in friendship with water conservation strategies (UNESCWA). South Africa is considering a major desalination plan for its coastal cities. Cornelius Ruiters, deputy directorgeneral of national water resources and infrastructure, told GWI that At the moment, less than 1% of our water comes from desalination. We need to increase that by 7% and 10% by 2030.We are mostly dependent on surface water, and there is patently a limit to that we need to diversify our mix. The cities of Cape Town and Ethekwini (Durban) are at the beginning of investigating desalination, but not decision have yet been taken on what technology would be used. Ruiters told We have to assure all the options, both financial and technological, and look what are they doing in the Middle East, Singapore and China. Public private partnerships are a possibility. (Global Water intelligence, 2009) 4. 0 Conclusion and RecommendationDeveloping suitable policy and management system is essential to break the value obtained from fresh water resources. This includes interventions to strengthen governance, reform knowledge and selective information systems including data collection and monitoring and evaluation, enhance human and institutional capacity, develop IWRM systems which focus on catchment and basins as the management unit, and mainstream gender. Cooperation and partnership, between multiple stakeholders and at multiple levels, from the local to the sub-regional to the regional, are at the core of successful interventions.These responses should improve the opportunities to meet urgent needs for potable water, sanitation, irrigation and hydropower, among others. A critical come out of the closet that will need to be addressed systematically in Africa is financing. extension list UNESCO. (2004-2006). Water Program. 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