Mining Industry Overview

Mining? effort? Overview? Boyi? Xie? March? 5,? 2012? Michael? Porters? Five? Forces? Outline? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Products? Suppliers/Customers? Industry? Compe? tors? hail? Revenue? &? pro? t? Overall? trends? Other? factors? Products? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Aluminum? bullshit? Lead? Zinc? prosperous? Silver? Uranium? oxide? Diamonds? Stainless? steel? Materials? urge on? Ore? scorch? Aluminum? Zinc? Copper? luxurious? Iron? ore? Diamond? Marketing? &? Customers? ? Marke? ng? centers? of? dig? companies? ? Sell? products? at? the? approximately? advantageous? price? to? make? the? most? of? their? intrinsic? place? ? modus operandi? as? a? source? of? specialist? exper? se? ? Iden? fy? value? opportuni? es? ? Customer? service? ? Technical? assistance? ? Transporta? on,? e. g.? BHP? Shipping,? Rio? Tinto? Marine? ? Customers? ? Jewelry? makers.? E. g.? gold,? silver? and? diamonds? ? Manufacturing/construc? on? companies.? ? E. g? Hyundai? stigma? ? Government? ? Other? ret ailers? BHP? Billiton? ? BHP? Billiton? is? a? spherical? mine,? oil? and? gas? go with? headquartered? in? Melbourne,? Australia? and? with? a? major? management? o? ce? in? London,? UK.? It? is? the? human races? largest? digging? company? measured? by? evenue.? ? BHP? Billiton? was? created? in? 2001? by? the? merger? of? the? Australian? distressed? Hill? Proprietary? Company? Limited? (BHP)? and? the? Anglo? Dutch? Billiton? plc.? (Billiton? origins? stretch? buns? to? 1860)? ? It? is? today? a? dual? listed? company? in? Australian? Securi? es? Exchange? and? London? Stock? Exchange.? ? It? operates? a? wide? variety? of? mining? and? bear upon? opera? ons? in? 25? countries,? employing? approximately? 41,000? people.? ? It? has? opera? ons? on? aluminum,? diamonds,? constrict? ore,? petroleum,? stainless? steel,? uranium,? etc.? ? Mines? in? Algeria,?Australia,? brazil-nut tree,? Canada,? South? Africa,? USA? Rio? Tinto? ? Rio? Tinto,? now? headquartered? in? Lond on,? UK? (and? Brisbane,? Australia),? was? founded? in? 1873,? when? a? mul? na? onal? consor? um? of? investors? purchased? a? mine? knotty? on? the? Rio? Tinto? river,? in? Huelva,? Spain.? ? It? is? now? a? dual? listed? company? in? Australian? Securi? es? Exchange? and? London? Stock? Exchange.? ? It? is? one? the? creation? leaders? in? the? produc? on? of? aluminum,? iron? ore,? slovenly person,? uranium,? combust? and? diamonds.? ? It? also? has? signi? banking company? opera? ons? in? re? ning,? par? cularly? for? e? ning? bauxite? and? iron? ore.? ? It? has? opera? ons? on? six? con? nents? but? is? mainly? concentrated? in? Australia? and? Canada.? Vale? ? Vale? is? a? Brazilian? mul? na? onal? diversi? ed? metals? and? mining? corpora? on? and? one? of? the? largest? logis? cs? operators? in? Brazil.? ? Its? the? largest? producers? of? iron? ore,? pellets,? and? back? largest? nickel? other? products? include? manganese,? ferroalloys,? copper,? bauxite,? aluminum .? ? Its? listed? on? stock? exchanges? of? Sao? Paulo,? spick-and-span? York,? Paris,? Hong? Kong? and? Madrid.? ? Its? also? the? corpora? on? with? the? ost? contempt? for? the? environment? and? human? rights? and? was? named? worlds? most? evil? company.? 8+8+&%*1(9+8$)%. $%*1+08+2$,%01%1209$/31/(%0$% 1. $/44%(/$06%)%*1+)2($/%)$*01/)%,$9$+,+0%1+% ,$(+,%3/1(%,$. $419$,%$*1+1(8$)%)0/2&&4$,%01% /$*1. $/%A84$%0$%8+,2)0/5%? )%80%/,%75%0$%&4174% *. 3. ,)3 % %8)7 2)3174. +%)0. 9+),+)&0+)+&$) +,%&1+$%7$51+,% planetary? Indices? international indices (February 1989=1) 9 ? Mining? companies? have? con? nued? to? outperform? the? overall? market.? ? While? the? labor? was? hit? hard? by? the? global nancial? crisis,? mining? ompanies? have? guide? the? return? and? gone? beyond. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Dow Jones FTSE HSBC Global Mining exponent radical Bloomberg. BCDC%)? %/$4%0$+)81+%8+%0$%(/$0%)%&/1? 0% /$712+,$,6%133)$0%75%%+ 2(7$/%13%8+*8,$+0)%00%$90% Global? Indices? $%&()*+)*,-. %)/0 -. $/%0$%*12/)$%13%0$%4)0%5$/6%&4174%$*1+1(8*%+,% 914808*4%0/$+,)%. $%*+&$,%0$%8+,2)0/5%$%(8+8+&% $%&()*%) &%+,-) ). )+/)+. ). )&0++) %)1)&$ 2) 7*%$*081+)%? 84$%)29945%/$(8+)%*1+)0/8+$,6% ?80%*44$+&$)%)2*%)%,$*48+8+&%&/,$%+,%(1/$% $(10$%41*081+)%$%*1)0%*2/. $%)%)830$,%296% *1+08+28+&%01%920%9/$))2/$%1+%0$%8+,2)0/5%01%(8+08+% *. 3. ,) %3 4, +5)6+/)4,. (+%). +)+7+2 2). )&0+) 8+,2)0/5%8)%/$*$8. 8+&%(1/$%00$+081+%3/1(%80)%(+5%+,% ./8$,%)0$14,$/)% $%&$&($)&*%+%8+%0$%(8+8+&% 8+,2)0/5 ? Emerging? countries? con? nued? to? surprise? ahead,? with? demand? for? imaginations? driven? by? strong? GDP? growth,? including? close? to? 10%? growth? in? China. ? Mining? market? capitaliza? on? con? nued? to? tantalise? in? 2010,? with? many? players? recovering? the? remaining? market? capitaliza? on? lost? uring? the? global nancial? crisis? and? surpassing? the? level? seen? at? the? end? of? 2007.? 1%/+)*,-(%,23 8+8+&%*1(9+8$)%. $%* 1+08+2$,%01%1209$/31/(%0$% 1. $/44%(/$06%)%*1+)2($/%)$*01/)%,$9$+,+0%1+% ,$(+,%3/1(%,$. $419$,%$*1+1(8$)%)0/2&&4$,%01% /$*1. $/%A84$%0$%8+,2)0/5%? )%80%/,%75%0$%&4174% *. 3. ,)3 % %8)7 2)3174. +%)0. 9+),+)&0+)+&$) +,%&1+$%7$51+,% ? The? total? year? end? market? capitaliza? on? of? the? reach? 40? companies? increased? by? 26%,? with? larger? gains? widely distributedly? achieved? by? the? smaller? companies. Global indices (February 1989=1) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 Dow Jones FTSE HSBC Global Mining force Source Bloomberg. BCDC%)? %/$4%0$+)81+%8+%0$%(/$0%)%&/1? 0% /$712+,$,6%133)$0%75%%+2(7$/%13%8+*8,$+0)%00%$90% *2081+%+,%/8)%1+%0$%&$+,%? ? . /$ 3 3/&+030. 3. 3$ A $$/%0* 3/&+030. A. /,+B $ Top 40 TS 100 250% 50 char India PotashCorp Barrick princely FreeportMcMoRan Anglo American Xstrata China Shenhua 0 Rio Tinto 200% Vale ? The? big? evolve? bigger.? They? are? also? diversifying? in? other? direc? ons.? For? instance,? some? have? begun? exploring? the? bene? ts? f? ver? cal? integra? on? in? an? anempt? to? control? the? en? re? commodity? value? chain? ? from? coal? mining? to? steel? produc? on? to? power? genera? on.? cl BHP Billiton ? New? entrant? Coal? India.? Following? its? IPO? in? October? 2010,? its? the? largest? new? entrant.? 5$&/ . 3 (. A( 3$ ($)3 150% 100% 2009 2010 Source Capital IQ. Note? EBITDA? earnings? before? interests,? taxes,? deprecia? on,? and? amor? za? on? 9%. 1. %&7%2-201$? ? & (3&*+. 23 5$&/ -. / 3$ 0*0*% 0*+2(3/57 R)/. (( 3$ . 1 G? 3$/$ A&( & 50% 0% Source B $%&($)%*+,-)&%&. $(%-. -. 0+&%1232%4$%)4%5$%567%5/$$%(0+$/)%89%90)&GH& 9? )*+A. +6),*5(*88/)8*0)A*+6), were? announced? during? the? B*5(=CB1481)/01*501)9/,01*+? D5*5 (2/. &$%2(emailprotected&. /%&01/2&%). &%**3/*%/&0%1/2&? /3/& ?rst? half(prenominal)? of? 2011.? .&7B(*C/3&C%)&7858&%). &577B&%). (* C/3& ? E. F60014,450. F)/,F)704A)$7. 5,4()/01*0 ? Deals? volumes? and? unite? (2/. &01/2&%/&7855&C/&$12(/2&4/%3 &E&+,-&()&C/& . &JK? values? were? 10%? and? 25%? 1 80 ,000 3,000 proclaimed Date bum score Description Target home plate dealing Value (millions) Target ResourceType $%%&(%$)*+,*-. /. /012,*3 2011? 1H? Top? 10? Global? Mining? Deals Acquirer 01/28/2011 Massey Energy lodge Massey Energy Company, finished its wholly owned subsidiary, A. T. Massey Coal Company, Inc. , produces, processes, and sells bituminous coal primarily in the unite States. join States US$8,500 Coal Alpha earthy Resources, incarnate 04/24/2011 equinox Minerals Limited Equinox Minerals Limited engages in the mining and exploration of mineral properties. Australia C$7,300 Copper Barrick Gold federation inform 01/11/2011 Date Target Consolidated Thompson Iron Mines Limited Target DescriptionConsolidated Thompson Iron Mines Limited, a mining company, engages in the exploration and instruction of mineral properties in Canada. Target Canada Headquarters Transaction C$4,900 Value (millions) Target Steel R esource Type Acquirer Cliffs innate(p) Resources embodied 05/02/2011 01/28/2011 US$3,400 US$8,500 Coal Coal Kazakhstan US$3,200 Zinc 04/24/2011 Equinox Minerals Limited Australia C$7,300 Copper 06/10/2011 01/11/2011 PT Bumi Resources Consolidated Thompson Minerals Tbk Iron Mines Limited International Coal Group, Inc. produces coal in northern and central Massey Energy Company, through and through States. owned subsidiary, A.T. Massey Appalachian regions of the coupled its wholly Coal Company, Inc. , produces, processes, and sells bituminous coal primarily iKazzinc JSC States. produces zinc with copper, extraordinary metals, and lead n the United primarily credits in Kazakhstan. Equinox Minerals Limited engages in the mining and exploration of mineral properties. PT Bumi Resources Minerals Tbk, through its subsidiaries, engages in the Consolidated Thompson Iron Mines Limited, a mining Indonesia and in atomic number 74 exploration and development of mineral properties in company, engages in the exploration and development of mineral properties in Canada.Africa. United States United States 04/14/2011 International Coal Group, Massey Energy compound Corporation KazzInc Indonesia Canada US$2,100 C$4,900 Diversi? ed Steel and Metals Mining 02/03/2011 05/02/2011 Fronteer Gold International Coal Group, Incorporated Incorporated Fronteer Gold Inc. engages in the acquisition, exploration, and development of International Coalproperties in producesthe United States, and Turkey. mineral resource Group, Inc. Canada, coal in northern and central Appalachian regions of the United States. Canada United StatesC$2,300 US$3,400 Gold Coal Arch Coal Alpha Natural Incorporated Resources, IGlencore ncorporated International p Barrick Gold Corporation Bumi plc Cliffs Natural Resources Incorporated Newmont Min Arch Coal Corporation Incorporated 04/14/2011 03/02/2011 KazzInc Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineracao Kazzinc JSCBrasileira de Metalurgia ewith copper,engages in the extraction, Companhia primarily produces zinc Mineracao precious metals, and lead credits in Kazakhstan. processing, manufacture, and marketing of niobium- ground products. Kazakhstan BrazilUS$3,200 US$1,950 Zinc Diversi? ed Metals and Mining 06/10/2011 PT Bumi Resources Minerals Tbk PT Bumi Resources Minerals Tbk, through its subsidiaries, engages in the exploration and development of mineral properties in Indonesia and in west Africa. Indonesia US$2,100 Diversi? ed Metals and Mining 02/03/2011 Fronteer Gold Incorporated Fronteer Gold Inc. engages in the acquisition, exploration, and development of mineral resource properties in Canada, the United States, and Turkey. Canada C$2,300 Gold 03/02/2011 Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e MineracaoCompanhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineracao engages in the extraction, processing, manufacture, and marketing of niobium-based products. Brazil US$1,950 Diversi? ed Metals and Mining 06/22/2011 Vale Fertilizantes SA Vale Fertilizantes S. A. produces and supplies phosphate- and nitrogen- based inputs for the intersection of fertilisers and inputs for chemical companies in Brazil. Brazil US$1,390 Fertilisers and Agricultural Chemicals POSCO, Sojit Corporation, N Steel Corpora Holdings Inco Vale S. A. The japan Oil and Metals Na Corporation & aid Servi 06/15/2011 Drummond Company, Inc. Colombian Mining Operations and Related Infrastructure Drummond Companys, Colombian Mining Operations and Related Infrastructure comprises coal exploration properties with probable reserves of about 2 billion net tons. Colombia US$1,524 Coal Itochu Corpor 06/22/2011 Vale Fertilizantes SA Vale Fertilizantes S. A. produces and supplies phosphate- and nitrogen- based inputs for the production of fertilisers and inputs for chemical companies in Brazil. Brazil US$1,390 Fertilisers and Agricultural Vale S. A. Glencore Sojit POSCO, ICorporation, p nternational Steel Corpora Holdings Bumi plc IncoThe lacquer Oi and Metals N Corporation & Pension Serv Newmont Min Corporation 2011? 1H? Top? 10? Global? Mining? Deals et ource Acquirer Acquirer Description Acquirer Headquarters Transaction Status (as at August 8, 2011) l Alpha Natural Resources, Incorporated Alpha Natural Resources, in concert with its subsidiaries, engages in the production, processing, and deal of coal in the United States. United States Closed per Barrick Gold Corporation Barrick Gold Corporation engages in the production and sale of gold, as well as related activities, such as exploration and mine development.Canada Closed l Cliffs Natural Resources Incorporated Cliffs Natural Resources, a mining and natural resources company, produces iron ore pellets, lump and ? nes iron ore, and metallurgical coal products. United States Closed l Arch Coal Incorporated Arch Coal engages in the production and sale of steam and metallurgical coal from surface and underground mines fixed throughout the United States. United States Closed Glencore International plc Glencore International plc, together with its subsidiaries, engages in producing, sourcing, processing, re? ning, transporting, storing, ? ancing, and supplying commodities to industries worldwide. Switzerland announced Bumi plc Bumi plc, through its subsidiaries, engages in the exploration, mining, and processing of coal and other minerals in Indonesia and West Africa. United Kingdom announce Newmont Mining Corporation Newmont Mining, together with its subsidiaries, engages in the acquisition, exploration, and production of gold and copper properties. United States Closed POSCO, Sojitz Corporation, Nippon Steel Corporation, JFE Holdings Incorporated, The Japan Oil, Gas and Metals field of study Corporation & National Pension ServiceJFE Holdings, Inc. , through its subsidiaries, engages in steel and engineering trading operations in Japan. JFE Holdings Inc. Japan Announced National Pension Service is a pension fund manager. National Pension Service South Korea rsi? ed als and n g rsi? ed als and ng Nippon Steel Corporation, through its subsidiaries, engages in the manufacture and sale of steel and related products in Japan and internationally. Nippon Steel Corp. Japan POSCO South Korea Sojitz Corporation operates as a popular trading company worldwide. Sojitz Corporation Japan Japan oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation provides ? ancial assistance, technology development, technical support, stockpiling, gathering/providing information, mine pollution control, and overseas ? eld survey services in Japan. ilisers POSCO engages in the manufacture and sale of steel products in South Korea and internationally. The Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation Japan Vale S. A. Vale S. A. engages in the exploration, production, and sale of basic metals in Brazil. Brazil Announced Itochu Corporation ITOCHU Corporation operates as a general trading company primarily in Japan and internationally. Japan Announced

POLC in the School System Essay

Just same any other organization, a school constitution would not be able to function properly without an efficient executive director and an telling authorities process. In the case of school systems, the administrator would be the superintendent of the school. As the administrator, the superintendent serves as both the leader and the manager of the school.In arrange to be a successful and efficient administrator, the superintendent should focus on four areas planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. In the case of planning, the administrator should be able to sail through appropriate goals for the whole school system. The goal usually carries prospects for progress, equality, and harmony. As set about of the planning process, the administrator should also be able to identify the beat out courses of action in fulfilling the chosen goals. Such goals should be evaluated at a regular basis so as to assess if they are ion account with the demands of time.After planning t he goals and the ways towards its achievement, the administrator should be able to set up those plans into action. Organizing is as important as the plan itself. As such, the new administrator should be able to formulate task and authority relations. He should be able to establish an organizational set-up that will digest the school system to efficiently and quickly make the vision, a reality, if he/she may confine the present set-up is inappropriate. As the leader of the school, the new administrator should also be able to influence people- from the students to the teachers, and even the other sectors involved in establishing an effective educational system such as the community, the parents, governmental agencies, and many more.He or she should be able to motivate and unite them, and provide them with a common goal for the educational welfare of the students and for the come onment of harmony and efficiency of learning and teaching processes. He or she should be able to encou rage everyone to work towards a common goal, which is usually the mission and vision of the school.Lastly, subsequently ensuring the plans, the set-up and the people are all set for action the administrator should be able to control the organization. Control should not be equated with stringent and many laws and regulations matched with various sanctions. Instead, it should be associated with the establishment of precise evaluation processes that will allow the administrator to measure and monitor the organizations development at regular basis overtime, in accordance with the established goals.ReferencesBrennen, Annick M. (n.d.) The Administration of bare(a) Schools. Retrieved January 29, 2008 from http//www.soencouragement.org/admin-of-elementary-schools.htmThe Management Process Today (n.d.) Retrieved January 29, 2008 from http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0073011223/317076/samplechapter.pdf

Fifth Monday Morning

Monday Morning Leadership The fifth Monday Hire Tough Introduction The book Monday Morning leaders is a book written by David Cottrell. Cottrell discussed the most most-valuable issues in leadership as situations between Jeff who has little experience in leadership and Tony who has a great and well experience in leadership. Jeff goes to Tony every Monday to take lesson in leadership.Chapter 5 is about hire tough and it discusses the important of manpower and team in the company. In this chapter, Jeff resolute to eject Todd be fetch he is drinking in work. Jeff has a great emotion but he decided to terminate him with the help of Kim who assisted him to take this decision and told him that Todd took the decision to terminate himself and you but implement this decision. Jeff now has three open positions available in his company.He decided to make interviews with the candidates selected by Kim during this week. He also decided to put Kim in HR department. He told Tony about that. To ny greeted him for his brave decision to terminate Todd. Tony told him that he should give himself much metre in selecting brisk employees because there ar two strategies for management either to hire tough and manage well-off or hire easy and mange tough.Tony told him that people are the most important factor in the company so you should take much time to select them and try to get affection away from your selection of new employees. Conclusion This was a very important chapter in the book it discusses the HR and the important of people in the company. Jeff realized that the people are the cause of success or failure of the company. I have learned to check up on people in the company and try to satisfy them in enact to increase the performance of the company.

Management and Lego Media Int Essay

MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC1. Describe the establishmental burnish at Matsushita Electric Company (MEC). In what ways has it historically been groundbreaking? view as examples (at least two).2. a) Describe MECs journey into internationalization.b) Where would you classify them now in wrong of their phase of intl development?c) And how would you classify their managerial outlook (parochial? Ethnocentric? Geocentric?)?Give historical examples (& contrast w/r/t the companys tenets of globalization) to support your answers (to each of a,b,c above).3. As of the after-hours 1990s (post KMs death), how well has bodied charge succeeded in propagating KMs approach to innovation beyond the Japanese culture? Give specific examples of successes and/or altercates.Q4. What is needed to improve cross-cultural management within MEC?CASE TWOLEGOWhat are LEGOs values and corporate identity? How did these develop over time (prior to LEGO Media Intl)?How did Legos organizational structures & policies gr ant intl alignment AND explicitly reflect the companys feeling in equifinality?How did LEGO actively reduce barriers to communication? Give examples of some of their inside communication practices & indicate which communication barriers these practices helped to reduce.Describe the organizational culture UK Lego (Lego media Intl). What is the narrate that it, too, believed in equifinality? When you compare it to the corporate LEGO identity, would you say that this (UK Lego culture) is an example of Corporate (Danish) LEGOs cultural dominance? heathen avoidance? Cultural accommodation? Cultural Compromise? Or Cultural Synergy? Explain why it represents the haoma of c/c conflict resolution that youve said it does.CSE THREENOVO NORDISKWhat problems/challenges did NN brass prior to facilitation?Describe how the facilitating team was created (nature of its diversity/homogeneity, and how people were selected into it). Was this consistent with the trump practices for creation of m ulticultural teams? Explain.What was/were the objective(s) of the facilitation endeavour? Was it a routine or innovative task?Describe the process by which the NN facilitation team managed cultural differences _(BETWEEN THE MEMBERS OF THE team AND THE UNIT/PROCESS GROUP THEY WERE FACILITATING)_ . Give specific examples to illustrate their methods of differentiation, integration, and their put on of external feedback.Whats the evidence that the facilitation team succeeded? Explain in terms of both task outcomes (alignment to corporate goals) & social outcomes (emergent states of mutual trust, collective identity, and authorization in the facilitating teams ability to achieve its task).Can C/C Management via the NN style of facilitation be a way of accomplishing alignment in other (non-Danish) MNCs? Why/why not?CASE quadrupleSULZER INFRAWhat problems was Sulzer Infra facing prior to creating its new vision? Were these well-structured or ill-structured problems (Explain)? How did it come to recognize these as problems?What was the new Vision about? & What challenge did it present?How did the Vision/Strategy 2002 program & Sulzer Infra Academy station about trying to meet those objectives? Specifically, (a) who was involved ? (b) what were the 4 major elements of intimacy acquisition that were intended? And (c) What was the main focus of each of the 3 eld?What was the intended function of the arts component of the program? What were the intended functions of theP-teams & the Know-How rout? In what ways were they meant to cooperate?Throughout the program, what helped to bridge c/c differences and which c/c issues remained a challenge?From the perspectives of the UK & Dutch offices, to what extent were knowledge management objectives (e.g., dissemination & utilization goals) achieved by the program? Based on these views, how could Sulzer Infra deplete improved their program?CASE FIVEpurifying AN IMAGEWhat responsibilities do organizations have to customers who rely on a subscriber line of products, one of which has exhibited a fatal, but potentially solvable, defect?Did Baxter accept righteousness for the deaths too quickly?How personally responsible is a CEO for a localized product-liability issue?Was Baxter ethically obligated to close Romney Plant?Could Baxter have ethically attempted to shift blame for the dialyzer defects to 3M or to the organization that owned the Romney Plant a few months before the crisis?What ethical certificate of indebtedness did Baxter owe to the employees at the Romney Plant that it closed in the wake of the dialysis machine crisis?

Customs Union

Outline I. Introduction Thesis pronouncement The usance sum for Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus is a purposeful due north, which serves to meet both(prenominal)(prenominal) aims. II. Body A. In the light of uncouth aspiration to the WTO admissionion, it is worthy of examining why preference of states was addicted to multilateral everyplace preferential shell out. B. The idea of the multilateral cooperation and entry of a parkland sparing space, body waste of borders and regional integration is non bracing in the post-Soviet space. 1. Putinomics an try of Putin to bring covering Soviet legal essenceture and Russian supremacy 2. Eurasian inwardness similar to ASEANC. In theory, impost cores argon fabricated to eliminate the barter barriers and decrease customs obligations amongst several states. 1. It requires dominance in calveners and sh atomic flake 18 of responsibilities 2. single stinting region D. There are many a(prenominal) different assumptions w hy tradition essence was framed. 1. supremacy of Russia over the grime of the coupleriseer Soviet states 2. a strategic step in the WTO ingress 3. reduction of Chinese ascertain and pr as yett massive imports of Chinese goods 4. salutary for entrepreneurs and domestic production enterprises 5. fair rival 6. ffective legal safeguard against corrupt schemes and fraud mechanisms E. Several other post-Soviet neighboring states were as well as invited to link up the baseb all in all club. 1. The Ukraine 2. Tajikistan 3. Kyrgyzstan F. It is famous of saying that pre- brisk customs spousal traffichip carry on traffic and economic ties roll in the haynot be described as dynamic unrivalleds. 1. statistical proceeds G. An inte equilibriuming observation is that with few exceptions, all the countries bordering the westbound fringes of the former Soviet marrow excite intensified their dispense relations with the European confederation as well as with China, whose gr andness in telephone exchange Asian trade has been growing. . statistical data H. Official capital of Kazakhstan firmly defended its business office on the springer center accession, and denied any policy-making motivations behind the rank and file of the alliance with Russia and Belarus. 1. a unified customs s anele would make Kazakhstan even more attractive for contrasted investors 2. geopolitical position, as the largest land-locked country 3. access to global markets 4. exposit trade with Russia and China 5. diversity of economy by technological and service advances I. Belarusian position toward the springer northern brought many obstacles. 1. arm-twisting regime of the Kremlin 2. Russian air pressureJ. At first it seemed that Russia benefited from creation of the impost Union more than others, as it has the largest market and biggest production industries. 1. diversification of opinions K. What does the origination Trade Organization is? 1. a network of agreeme nts 2. a single system, which regulates trade relations of out harvest-tides 3. advantages and requirements L. The decision to constrain the customs Union amidst ternion states could signal unbiddenness to engage in deeper cooperation and integration, and olibanum, the WTO accession provides access to more states allow foring to cooperate and a program for finding new friends. . advantages and disadvantages of world a member of WTO M. Russia was the unless Security Council and G8 member not on the WTO, thus its accession was a requirement to be fully admitted as unmatched of the superpowers. 1. further indemnity of Russia toward Kazakhstan and Belarus III. Conclusion Creation of the springer Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan caused a lot of debates to the highest degree why these countries are forming the union, what are the benefits that they set and why exactly these states?First of all, I would like to define the mean of customs Union. fit to Busines s Dictionary custom Union is an agreementbetween two or more (usually neighboring)countries to removetrade barriers, and reduce or eliminatecustoms duty on coarse trade. A customs union ( unconnected afree trade area) loosely imposes acommon external-tariff (CTF) onimports from non-member countries and (unlike acommon market) generally does not allowfreemovement ofcapital andlabor among member countries (Business Dictionary. com, n. d. ).In part, debates were roughly preference of regional over multilateral trade, as for many age Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan aspired to join the existence Trade Organization (WTO) therefore, creation of the customs Union was at first seen as an alternative to the WTO accession. However, just aft(prenominal) the confirmation of the Customs Union charter and all relevant agreements, Russia joins WTO club and leaves the rest to wonder what is going to happen to the Customs Union. The Customs Union for Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus is a purposef ul union, which serves to meet several aims.In the light of common aspiration to the WTO accession, it is worth of examining why preference of states was given to multilateral over preferential trade. In particular what pre-conditions existed prior to the Customs Union creation that inspired Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan to create the Union and what benefits it provided that troika states could not obtain by joining the WTO only? The idea of the multilateral cooperation and creation of a common economic space, elimination of borders and regional integration is not new in the post-Soviet space.Adelaja (2012) asserts that a number of political scientists and former Soviet Republics believe in so called Putinomics an attempt of Putin to bring back Soviet Union and Russian supremacy (p. 1). It is sticky to label the Customs Union creation an attempt to bring back the Soviet Union and expansion of the Russian authority over the grease of the former Soviet states. However, the countr ies are clearly bound by the common past that unlike others (Ukraine, Turkmenistan) makes Kazakhstan and Belarus seek for cooperation with Russia. According to Eurasian Union (n. d. , other regional cooperation the idea of Eurasian Union belongs to Nursultan Nazarbaev, the idea is to create a union similar to ASEAN (p. 3). After collapse of the Soviet Union, states tend to single out themselves from their post-Soviet neighbors and especially from Russia. In part, it happens due to unwillingness to cooperate with possibly depending neighbors and to a fault due to the aspiration to get rid of rudiments of the Soviet centralised economy that intentionally established mutual dependence of the Union states. Thus, existing regional organizations are not effective in terms of policy slaying.CIS and EurAsEC could frame a platform for negotiations and decision making over regional integration. However, states are reluctant to give up their sovereignty and create international body author ized to decide on behalf of its member states. Instead, states were defining their foreign policies depending on national interest and regional integration was not one of them. Thus, Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan could become first real and in effect operating regional cooperation body, where states would indeed execute provisions of signed agreements and declarations.In theory, customs unions are created to eliminate the trade barriers and decrease customs obligations between several states. It requires confidence in partners and cope of responsibilities. Initially, the Customs Union was created and signed by Kazakhstan and Russia. Belarus was negotiating its interests with Russia and postponed ratification of the agreement until July 2011. To illustrate the advantages of the union, official media was speculating with huge market that the Customs Union opens for trey states. The union has a population of 167 million, a make sense GDP of USD 2 trillion and goods turnover of USD 900 billion. The aim of the Customs Union is to create a single economic region and eliminate the state borders and to facilitate the freedom of movement (Krotov, 2010, p. 1). According to Prajakti and Varadzhakov (2012), further to demonstrate that the Customs Union brings advantages not only to Russia, official media reported Kazakhstan agriculture and sword sectors will benefit from newly introduced import duties for non-Customs Union member states (p. ). In addition, Kazakh and Belarus obtained access to Russian labor market. In general, the Customs Union agreements should absorb meliorate quality of goods, increase contender and help diversify economies of terce states. There are many different assumptions why Customs Union was created. Some see hidden agenda and conspiracy behind creation of the union. Opponents of the Customs Union claim that it only benefits Russia and establishes its supremacy over the territory of the former Soviet states.Zlatki n (2012) comments that opponents likewise interpret Belarus unwillingness to join the union as a rebellion against Russia, and say that in the end Belarus was labored to join the union. Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus (2012) Russian supporters say that the creation of the Customs Union was a strategic step in the WTO accession, as it was obvious that Russia will become a member first and then it will promote its partners in the WTO accession (p. 1). In the end, they add that Russia needs reliable partners and friends in the WTO and packaging of Kazakhstan and Belarus interests nonoperational benefits Russia.Russia, Belarus, Kazakh (2012) claim that the Customs Union was created to reduce Chinese influence and prevent massive imports of Chinese goods (p. 1). Other reasons are less cultivate and mostly indicate economic benefits that three states obtain from participation in the union. Eurasian Development Bank study released, that the effects of economic integration of 2011 2030 wi ll reach 14% of gross domestic product of Belarus, 3. 5% in Kazakhstan, and Russia (2%) (Russia, Belarus, Kazakh, 2012, p. ). The Customs Union was also state to be beneficial for entrepreneurs and domestic production enterprises, as they got greater market access, fair competition and effective legal protection against corrupt schemes and fraud mechanisms. Decreased trade barriers should require contri neverthelessed to the free movement of goods and services between three countries, and improved quality of products. Russia, Belarus, Kazakh (2012) states that in bring, Customs Union opened access to about 170 million consumers (p. ). Several other post-Soviet neighboring states were also invited to join the club. In particular they were Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Kyrgyzstan. None of three Central Asian countries have fully considered and started the Customs Union accession negotiations. Ukraine was assessing and comparing its benefits from the Customs Union versus WTO accession, a s well as waiting for the decision on dim and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) with the European Union.Adilaja (2012) asserts that in a while, official Kiev preferred to abandon its plans on the Customs Union accession negotiations, saying that this will destroy its ongoing negotiations with the European Union. According to Russias Inevitable (2012) asserts that for Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, membership in the Custom Union would have brought access to the labor market and increase cooperation in the field of the readiness resources supply with Russia and Kazakhstan (p. 2).Although, Kyrgyzstan is presently a member of the WTO, its historical ties and economic habituation on Russian energy resources contributed to its willingness to join another union with Russia. It is noteworthy of saying that pre-existing Customs Union trade relations and economic ties ignorenot be described as dynamic ones. European Union constitute for Security Studies describes trade relations be tween Customs Union member states prior to the Customs Union creation. In particular, share of intra-CU trade to the total amount of trade of CU-member states within three years prior to CU creation.Thus, 48. 1% of Belarusian the total amount of trade in 2008 accounts for Russia and Kazakhstan. darn only 7. 3% of Russian trade turnover in 2008 accounts for Belarus and Kazakhstan. And 18. 8% of the total volume of Kazakhstan trade turnover accounted for Russia and Belarus in the said(prenominal) period. 2009 indicators did not change signifi pecktly, but in 2010, the year of establishment of the Customs Union, the share of intra-customs union trade of Russia dropped (Zagorski, 2012, p. 5).An interesting observation is that with few exceptions, all the countries bordering the Western fringes of the former Soviet Union have intensified their trade relations with the European Union as well as with China, whose importance in Central Asian trade has been growing. There is a trend that be tween 41 and 45% of Russian exports to former Soviet states are currently comprised of energy resources, while 39 percent of its imports consist of machines and equipment (Adelaja, 2012, p. ). These facts makes many experts distrust trade relations of the Customs Union states while others suggest that the Customs Union could become a fundamental change in relations between former Soviet states and that become a push to growth in trade. The figures mentioned above, as well as the fact that post-Soviet states were reluctant to form another union, do the decision to establish the Customs Union verbalism spontaneous and unjustified.However, throughout the whole process of negotiations and ratification of the Customs Union policies and implementation of the necessary procedures, official governments were justifying their decision to create a union and finding new benefits of the participation in the regional cooperation between three states. Although not all of them played in a concer t, all three were citing economic benefits that countries obtain from the participation in the regional union. Official Astana firmly defended its position on the Customs Union accession, and denied any political motivations behind the membership of the alliance with Russia and Belarus.Kazakhstan officials were speculating that a unified customs territory would make Kazakhstan even more attractive for foreign investors who have considered Kazakhstan as one of the most attractive markets in our part of the world ( entrance to the WTO, n. d. , p. 1). Kazakhstan also speculated over its geopolitical position, as the largest land-locked country and the state with the most number of transit routes that will ensure large income from transit tariffs.For Kazakhstan the membership in the Customs Union will increase access to global markets, expand trade with Russia and China, and diversity of economy through technological and service advances. Belarusian position toward the Customs Union bro ught many obstacles. Belarusian President horse parsley Lukashenko has openly complained about the arm-twisting politics of the Kremlin, saying that his country had been under pressure to cede control of some of its juiciest companies like Belarusian potassium go with (Belkali) and Belarus state-run Minsk Automobile Plant (MAZ) unless the country joined the union. Given the importance of champion enterprises such as MAZ and Belkali for Belarus or Gazprom for Russia, it is still unclear how the states can agree on regulating these enterprises with supranational institutions, especially when they are governed not by economic, but by political logic, said George Plaschinsky, an associate analyst at the Center for European Transformation in Minsk. Previously the Russian authorities had an experience of imposing different decisions on muff and oil companies in order to achieve some political aims and assert them as the energy superpower. (Russias Customs Union, 2012, p. 2). At first it seemed that Russia benefited from creation of the Customs Union more than others, as it has the largest market and biggest production industries. Experts suggested that some competition from Kazakh and Belarusian producers will be beneficial, but not risky for Russian producers and entrepreneurs. In addition, it will create positive conditions for transition from Soviet centralised to market economy. Russia would also benefit from the labor market of its neighbors, as Russias own demographic situation is worse than in Kazakhstan and its population is aging.It is also working on North and South stream gas pipelines to rotate such transit countries, such as Ukraine. Thus, a union with some of its neighbors would ensure protection of Russias interests and concessional conditions for pipelines placement. In addition to traditional credit line on competition for the regional dominance in the Central Asia, a union would solve some tensions between Russia and neighboring states regard ing debt payment for gas supply, political influence and alliances creation.However, some experts were more skeptical. Some businesses are apt(predicate) to move to the neighboring states, like Kazakhstan, where the investment climate is more favorable, said Alexei Devyatov, the chief economist at Ural Sib Capital (Adelaja, 2012, p. 2). Russia might also lose from the opening of it market to the labor from Kazakhstan and Belarus, as Russia also has a huge population of unskilled and un restricted population hat will be leftover out from participation in the marked interpreted over by foreign nationals.Considering positions of the Customs Union member states evince above, it is crucial to consider what regulations or conditions influenced Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan in their decision to access WTO. What does the World Trade Organization is? The WTO is a network of agreements. It unites states around the world into a single system and regulates their trade relations. The WTO mem ber states may chose the degree if integration, but should aspire to opening of deeper and wider access to domestic markets. The WTO member states are allowed to create the regional agreements and unions within the organization.General goal of the organization is free trade and repose of the economies. As it was mentioned above, the Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan was also created to facilitate relaxation and decrease trade barriers without fully abolishing tariffs. The WTO does not require elimination of borders, unlike the customs union that stipulates common border and single economic space. Thus, the Customs Union requires deeper integration of its member states than primary WTO accession documents.The decision to create the Customs Union between three states could signal willingness to engage in deeper cooperation and integration, and thus, the WTO accession provides access to more states willing to cooperate and a platform for finding new friends. Creati on of the Customs union with removed WTO partners can also be a sign that the state relies on partners who do not necessarily share the idea of free trade on global level. Interestingly, with the creation of the Customs Union, Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus enhanced WTO accession process.In this case, the creation of the trade liberalization institution could be an illustration of states readiness to access the WTO and pull off conditions. The main reason of the WTO accession for many states is said to be a wide access to foreign markets and integration into a global club of advanced nations. Some of the advantages are improved competition that ensures supply of qualified products, attraction of more foreign investors to the country, securing their interests and protection by legislation common in the WTO space, as well as lowering the costs of ravel business. According to General benefits from WTO (n. d. , however, there are also some disadvantages of being a WTO member, such as limited abilities to protect infant industries, unfitness to compete with advanced economies, prohibition of governmental subsidies and elimination of fixed bullion rates (p. 1). Economies of state applicants for the WTO accession should be ready for a draw outful change and shock therapies. Even with the transitional period, the changes brought by the WTO accession and commitments made by states are significant. Russia was the only Security Council and G8 member not on the WTO, thus its accession was a requirement to be fully admitted as one of the superpowers.Putin and other Russian governmental officials assured other Customs Union member states that with the accession of Russia to the WTO, it is still going to preserve the Customs Union and keep close relations with Belarus and Kazakhstan. Furthermore, Russia has promised promotion of two countries in their accession to the WTO. Experts believe that Russia will not abandon its partners, as it is still interested in integrati on of the post-Soviet states, and will not give up on the struggle for domination in the region.Therefore, even after the WTO accession it is not efficient for Russia to exclude Kazakhstan and Belarus from its foreign policy. In case Kazakhstan is left outside of the WTO, it will become a reliable partner of Russia outside of the organization. While Belarus can be more reluctant in implementation of the agreement reached before the WTO accession. Thus, Russia will probably use more force to get Belarus remain in the union. Since Russia dominates in the union, in case all member states access the WTO, Russia will be established as a single power in the region that decides on economic and political processes.Other states will be bound by obligations under the agreements, and since their accession comes after Russia, it is most likely that they will negotiate similar if not the same tariffs as Russia did. Considering unequal political positions of the Customs Union member states, and e conomic ties prior to the creation of the Union that did not directly contributed to the establishment of the union, it can be assumed that the Customs Union was created as a monstrance of the commitment to the trade liberalization and aspiration to be a part of the globalized world.It is also important to mention that it is a Russian-led union and neither economies of its partner states or their political leadership are sufficiently competitive to contest Russian industries, market and politics. Russia played very important role in the promotion of the idea of the union, and the Customs Union could become the first in effect working regional integration mechanism on the post-Soviet space. However, since Russia aspired to join the WTO, Customs Union member states have to catch up and also join the club, although they might be less interested in it than Russia.Bibliography Adelaja, T. (2012). Putinomics Abroad. Russia Profile, Section Politics. Retrieved November 16, 2012 http//rus siaprofile. org/politics/57118/print_edition/ Krotov, I. (2010). Customs Union between the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian confederation within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Community. World Customs Journal, 5 (2). Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http//www. worldcustomsjournal. org/media/wcj/-2011/2/Krotov. pdf Prajakti, K. , & Varadzhakov, S. (2012).The Customs Union between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus First Steps Towards the Rivaval of the Silk Road, Academia, 894. Retrieved November 18, 2012, from http//cambridge-centralasia. academia. edu/PrajaktiKalra/written document/472081/The_Customs_Union_between_Russia_Kazakhstan_and_Belarus_First_Steps_towards_the_Revival_of_the_Silk_Road Zagorski, A. (2012). Russias neighbourhood policy. European Union Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http//www. iss. europa. eu/publications/ item/article/russias-neighbourhood-policy/Zlatkin, I. (2012). A Sovereign Surge, Not a Soviet revival The Mutualism of Eurasian Reintegration. SRAS, The Journal of Russia and Asian Studies. Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http//www. sras. org/a_sovereign_surge_not_a_soviet_resurgence_the_mutualism_of_eurasian_reintegration IXGV, Financial News, Russia, Belarus, Kazakh customs union will benefit enterprises in Asia. (2012). p. 1. Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http//www. ixgw. com/2012/05/russia-belarus-kazakh-customs-union-will-benefit-enterprises-in-asia/Astana Economic Forum, News, Nursultan Nazarbayev Eurasian Union from idea to the history of the future, (n. d. ), pp. 1 10. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http//aef. kz/upload/news/statya%20Nazarbayeva. pdf Belarus Digest, Economy, WTO v. Customs Union Russia Decides. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http//belarusdigest. com/story/wto-v-customs-union-russia-decides-7434 Business Dictionary. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/customs-u nion. htmlEmbassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Discover Kazakhstan, Economy, Accession to the WTO, (n. d. ). Retrieved November 18, 2012, from http//www. kazakhembus. com/page/wto-accession The Fish Site, News and Analysis, Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus Keep Customs Union, (2012). p. 1. Retrieved November 18, 2012, from http//www. thefishsite. com/fishnews/17679/russia-kazakhstan-belarus-keep-customs-union U. S. A. domestic fowl and Eggs Export Council, News, Analysis, Russias Inevitable Customs Union in Central Asia. (2012). pp. 1 3. Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http//www. usapeec. kz/en/news/10204/

Comparasion Wks Essay

Indiana Common Core StandardsAnalyze the re sitation of a subject or a key scene in devil assorted artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in individually treatment. Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums, find out which details are emphasized in each account. Cite satisfying and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. Determine a commutation idea of a text and analyze its development over the line of reasoning of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details provide an accusative summary of the text.Part One Directions Use the following criteria to compare the consider Simon Birch to the short bill The Scarlet Ibis.Simon BirchScarlet IbisSimilarities/DifferencesCharactersMain charactersProtagonist/ thwarterRound/FlatStatic/Dynamic distinguishuse a quote from the text AND a line from the story to back up your answerSim on and joeDoodle and his big brotherThey erre twain narrated by the second character plot of landSetting impact on plot (if any)EventsEvidenceMotivationsCharactersSame/different?EvidenceTries to say that he is gods instrumentPoint of view graduation or third somebody?Limited or omniscient?EvidenceFirst personFirst personThey were both in first person and the narrator wasnt the main character it was the second character SymbolsSymbols in storySymbols in movieSymbols that are similar in bothAnything left out?EvidenceHis baseball cards and the armadilloThe scarlet ibisThey both slopped something to the main characters ThemeTheme of the movieTheme of the storySimilarities in theme?Differences in theme?EvidenceSettingSetting of the storySetting of the movieSimilarities in setting?Differences in setting?EvidenceI return that is takes place in the 1950s?Because of the cars that was in the movieI dont roll in the hay They both take place in the past sarcasmIrony and type present in sto ryIrony and type present in movieSimilaritiesDifferencesEvidenceHe love to play baseball and he loved joes mom but he killed her with a baseball that he dissipate into foul territory Situational ironyDramatic irony because when the scarlet ibis break ind we impudent that doodle was soon going to die Both of the main characters die

The Arrival

English Speech The Arrival by Shaun bronze is a graphic story which follows the story of a populace who embarks on the journey of migration. The notions of belong that be high blithesomeed in the text be belonging to a daub and belonging to a family. The composer establishes these finished the masterful employment of conglomerate visual techniques. iodine of the foremost themes of the novel is the apprehension of belonging to a orchestrate, in special the connection to a home go through. A disturbance in the main surround signifies as the stimulating performer for the disruption of the opuss maven of belonging.There exists an fragmented sense of institution in the old land, something that is constituted primarily by the ominous, malicious snake in the grass like figures that force the mans departure and his search for a impertinent way of biography. Tans symbolic representation of the serpents as the threatening and severe influences in the early pages of the nove l drives the man unwrap of his homeland as it is is a source of un ataraxis and discomfort for his family. Upon ledger entry the unknown land the man feels alienated from the new way of life that he is face with.The author highlights this through the use of various shades of grey which atomic number 18 evidence of the shared melancholy of the migrants. Furthermore the spot of all the migrants constellate up together reinforces the turmoil and hardship that they hasten collectively encountered. The use of dark and malicious t bingles and the overshadowing images of the technologically averse boat that towers over the migrants furthers their insignificance and defencelessness. The commonality with fellow migrants is carried through unwrap the novel and it soon becomes a source of solace for the man who is otherwise alien to the new world.Tan uses flashback scenes to lucubrate the mans opportunity to connect with his fellow migrants. Tan uses darker tones in the flashback scen es and the tumultuous journeys of the other migrants are elicited. Our protagonist is satisfactory to relate to their strike background and this allows the connection between the two parties. The man is drawn into their stories and this is highlighted greatly through the change in tone to a grim, darkened one which the reader appreciates to be both captivating and intriguing. Tan is thus able to illustrate to his audience, a true appreciation of belonging to a place and its connotations.In addition to this, belonging to a family is a key concept in this novel. The novel opens with an alluring introduction to the family a blissful atmosphere is created through the picturesque icons of their family life. The composer uses small photograph like icons to allude towards the widely hold contentment that is readily associated with the memories in a picture album. Tan introduces the subject of the paper crane which he carries through the length of his novel as a symbol of affection and belonging between the family members.The next pages designate the break in contentment as the man begins his journey and a salient image of the couple with their hands grasping the others parallels the anxiety and despair in their downcast facial expressions. Although the gloomy atmosphere, the light sepia tones in the picture allow an insight into the tender and benignant relationship that the family members share. Upon the mans departure the paper crane root word returns and he hands it to his daughter as a token of his endless love for her.His migratory experience is studded by the comfort and ease that he obtains from a picture of his family. In paralleled scenes on the boat and the new apartment, the man is seen reminiscing his time with family. He dines with and converses with the picture, the repetition of which is significantly indicative of the slopped sense of belonging he feels to them. In both scenes, the composer then zooms out to illustrate the mans isolation in t he ostensibly macro structure that he resides in and the reader can then in truth appreciate his sense of solace in the people from the picture.Through the use of these various techniques the concept of belonging to family is emphasised. The Arrival can now be truly appreciated as a graphic novel with allusions to the intricate and obscure nature of belonging. In particular belonging to a family and to a place was discussed today and I hope I did justice to the carefully developed messages that Tan portrays. The Arrival by Shaun Tan is a graphic novel which follows the story of a man who embarks on the journey of migration. The notions of belonging that are highlighted in the text are belonging to a place and belonging to a family.The composer establishes these through the masterful employment of various visual techniques. One of the foremost themes of the novel is the concept of belonging to a place, in particular the connection to a homeland. A disturbance in the main enviro nment signifies as the stimulating factor for the disruption of the mans sense of belonging. There exists an fragmented sense of existence in the old land, something that is established primarily by the ominous, malicious serpent like figures that force the mans departure and his search for a new way of life. Tans symbolic representation of the serpents as the threatening/menacing overbearing influences in the early pages of the novel drives the man out of his homeland as it is is a source of unease and discomfort for his family Upon entering the unknown land the man feels alienated from the new way of life that he is faced with. The author highlights this through the use of various shades of grey which are evidence of the shared melancholy of the migrants. Furthermore the positioning of all the migrants huddled up together reinforces the turmoil and hardship that they have collectively encountered.

Jonathan Edwards Essay

Jonathan Edwards uses an potent method c to each oneed the fire and brimst one(a) approach, which basicall(a)y used s shell out tactic to keep people from straying away from the church. Jonathan Edwards was a master at using literary devices, which horrified but intrigued his audience. He (Edwards) wrote in second gear individual to make each individual feel responsible for their suffer sins, this strategy allowed Edwards to speak to large groups. Edwards also used extended metaphors to helper his audience realize the full extent of their sins. An example of this vision is, The angriness of God is like big(p) waters that are dammed for the present they improver more and more, and rise higher and higher till an out allow is tending(p) and the longer the stream is stopped, the more rapid and mighty the course, when once it is let loose. (Sinners 1). This metaphor shows the extent that Edwards goes to show parishioners of what God is capable of doing to the Hu slice line o f achievement if they do non influencek salvation.Edwards uses bandwagon appeal to keep people from loss the church. He believed that if he could convince enough people that the church is the completely way to receive the grace of god that it would lead to a troop movement if enough people went that the rest would follow in their footsteps. Edwards tries to diverge people to return to church by stating that those who attend are happy, To see so many former(a)s feasting, while you are pinning and perishing To see so many rejoicing and singing for joy of heart, while you throw away set out to mourn for sorrow of heart, and howl for vexation of spirit (Sinners 1). This method turn up to be effective because people returned to the church, they feared for the outcome of their life and sought forbearance just as their neighbors did. Jonathan Edwardss beliefs and ideas began to affect peoples day-by-day lives and restore the church to its former glory.Jonathan Edwards believes t hat it is mans duty to serve up God in all aspects. He expresses his view that any man has the will to decide what is right from wrong, good from evil and what God would enquire from a devout believer in his intelligence Freedom of the Will. This book essentially breaks down what man desires and the choices man can make, he exposes how all these actions are relevant to the after life. Edwards tries to show that earthly matters will non a provide eternal happiness and that a mans life on Earthis a time to prove his virtuousness for judgment day by proclaiming but look at other things, as the good state of your bodily constitution, your care of your own life, and the pith you use for your own preservation. But indeed these things are zippo (sinners 1).Jonathan Edwards is cognize for his vivid depictions of what Gods wrath would be like. This dark imagery gave the public an idea of what their eternal punishment would be like if they did not conform to the holy life of the chu rch. The imagery horrified people because it do people believe that God could damn each and every individual to Hell for their sins. An example of the dark imagery is The bow of Gods wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready on the string, and justice flex the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an violent God, without any promise or obligation at all, that keeps the arrow one moment from being made drunk with your blood. (Sinners 1). By maxim this Edwards strikes fear into the listener.Edwards often uses repetition to emphasize his condemnation on purchase order for their lack of faith in the church. For example You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it, and burn it asunder and you have no matter to in any Mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save yourself, nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own, nothing that you e ver have done, nothing that you can do, to induce God to spare you one moment (sinners 1). He stresses the word nothing to show that all are helpless and to hike belittle each individual. Edwards also repeats the word you to make each person feel responsible for their actions and to single out each individual. Edwards also ensures that each line in his sermons are threatening to create a mother wit of an ultimatum conform to the church or burn in Hell for all eternity.Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downwards with great weight and pressure towards hell and if God should let you go, you would immediately go and swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulf, and your healthy constitution, and your own care andprudence, and best contrivance, and all your righteousness, would have no more influence to instigate you and keep you out of hell, than a spiders web would have to stop a falling rock (sinners 1). This quote shows how Edwards creates a thought of hope for the parishioners but when further analyzed it has a very prohibit and damning connotation. Edwards tries to portray his belief that God only lets you live because it pleasures him. This provides false hope but in reality he is saying that in that respect is no way for anyone to be saved.

Management Planning at World Com

IntroductionThe attach to was formed in the US in 1983. The friendship became quoted in the stock exchange in 1989. The companys growth was in the first place by acquisition, in 1999 it acquired MCI to turn over one of the biggest communication giants in the initiation. Bernard Ebbers become the companys chief executive in 1985. In 1998, the telecommunication industry in the US was in the decline performance commensurate Mr. Ebbers was ousted, from the position in 2001.Between 1999 and 2002 ground com was touch in a serial of fraudulent accounting practices in order for the company to portray profitableness whereas the telecommunication industry was performing poorly. The directors carried out this activities so as to keep an eye on the high share price of the company in which they held many shares. The indispensable audit department at reality com uncovered the more than $3.8 gazillion fraud, and alerted its main external auditors who were KPMG. Subsequently in July 2 002 the company filled for bankruptcy. However, the company emerged from bankruptcy in 2004 . training function at conception ComPlanning involves evaluating the impact of sit decisions on the future. The other managerial functions are carried out only after(prenominal) mean function has been carried out. Planning is relevant to all managerial levels. Planning involves coming up with the vision mission, objectives and goals. A vision communicates where the firm should be in 5- 10 years time while the mission is the rule for business existence objectives on the other hand convert the mission, into achievable tasks.Goals used to further express the objectives. The goals in order to be unobjectionable should be SMART that is they should be specific, should be measurable, should be attainable they should be rewarding and should be timely. World com has developed tactics which describe how, who, what and when activities allow for occur to enable the goals to be accomplished.World com carries out strategic cooking. strategic planning helps the firm know where it is now, where it wants to be and how it allow get there.Impact of effectual l issues on Management PlanningWorld com has been unable to efficiently plan its operations. This is because strategic planning process requires a lot of resources. . In 2002 the company was involved in a number of accounting s hobodals. This made it file for bankruptcy. The company had to kick in more than $750 million, to the authorities to compensate investors. The legal issues have abnormal world com since it can no longer attract competent managers, who can effectively and efficiently handle watchfulness planning at world com. Ghallab 2004In 2004, the company was able to come from bankruptcy but unperturbed it could not carry out management planning effectively. World com had to pay its previous bond holders the value of their bonds, this payments affected the operations of the company. World com in any case face d a number of contingent liabilities since it had very many suits pending in court this meant that the management at world com could not be able to effectively carry out management planningIMPACT OF ETHICS ON MANAGEMENT PLANNINGEthics refer to ethical principles and moral that can suffice in corporate set up. In world com a number of wrong practices have occurred. Since companies aim at maximizing shareholders wealth, but at world com study corporate governance lapses have occurred in that, the directors art world com, contracted on improving their persona interests making the shareholders incur major losses. In world com, directors were not able to follow the prescribed canon of corporate governance leading to major losses in the boldness, and so the management was not able to carry out management planningIMPACT OF collective SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AT WORLD COMCorporate complaisant obligation refers to the organization looking at the interests of other stakeholders. It invol ves the organization, caring for the community are large. World com was not a good corporate citizen since it did not look at the affairs of stakeholders like the government, shareholders and the general public. A company which manages effectively its social duty programs enjoys a good corporate image in the eye of the community. World com lacks the effective resources to carry out sound social responsibility programs and this affects the management planning process, since, the objective set in the social responsibility department will not be met. World com had too ofttimes power that the directors could control the share prices at the stock exchange.FACTROR S THAT IFLUENCE lodgeS STATEGIC TACTICAL, OPERATIONAL AND CONTIGENCY PLANNING1. The size of the organization organizations which are large in size are able to carry out effective strategic planning like world com was able to carry out management planning to cover more 7 years.2. The government policy Organizations will have t o carry out management planning with the laws of the land in mind.3. The Resources available Companies with a lot of resources like world com are able to carry out effective social responsibility programs.Erven 2005cambell 1990ReferencesCampbell M1990planning universal processLondon praeger greenwoodGhallab m paolo T 2004Automated planningnew york elsevier

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Critique

I Know Why the Caged fowl Sings is the account of Maya Angelou. I adjust it to be a rather interesting sassy, since it is base on a true story. It in any case helps the reader understand how dim people lived and felt during that period. In the novel, there is a wide browse of themes, from family ties, to rape, and even literacy. In Maya Angelous I Know Why the Caged snicker Sings, the three main themes are racism, prejudice and the roll of stark women. The prototypal and well-nigh visible theme in the novel is racism. During 1969, it is common to gather up a desolate somebody as inferior to a duster person.In the novel, Angelou shows the crudeness of ovalbuminness Southern attitudes toward Afri whoremaster Americans. For type, in chapter 24, marguerite goes to the dentist and Dr. Lincoln, a white man, refuses to treat her because she is dusky. He says Id rather stick my hand in a dogs mouth than in a niggers. (Angelou 189). Not even because of indispens qualifie d medical attention does a white person leave apart the race and treat a dingy patient. Putting aside her satisfying feelings against racism, Angelou demonstrates how she develops the understanding of the rules for surviving in a racial society.For example, in chapter 5, when the powhitetrash scoff milliampere, she stood humming while Marguerite is filed with rage, indignation and helplessness. Momma instead shows her how to bear lordliness and pride while dealing with racism. With her indifference towards the disrespectful white girls, Momma serves as a role model to all black people in her community by being the bigger person in a situation like this. The second theme in the novel is prejudice. Maya, her friends and her relatives will always be subject to prejudice plainly because they are black.For example, in chapter 23, during Marguerites graduation, Mr.Edward Donleavy gives a speech in which he mentions how blacks only achieve greatness through with(predicate) sports , not through academics One of the first-line football tacklers at Arkansas Agricultural and Mechanical College had have from full old Lafayette Country Training School One of the exceed basketball players at Fisk sank his first ball right here at Lafayette Country Training School. (Angelou 179) The fact that Mr. Donleavy expects that students from this school are only good for sports, simply because of their race, shows how he speaks based on prejudice beliefs.Prejudice in the novel is seen from both sides in white people and black people. Since most white folks in Stamps mistreat blacks, black people assume all whites are the same, which means they are also prejudice against white people. For example, in chapter 2, Marguerite mentions her passion for literature, especially for Shakespeare, a white writer. She says how Bailey and she cant mention Shakespeare to Momma shed question us just about the author and wed have to tell her that Shakespeare was white, and it wouldnt matt er to her whether he was dead or not. (Angelou 14).Shakespeare is a great writer, but Momma doesnt know this since she is prejudice against white writers and doesnt give herself the chance to find out about this writers greatness. The third theme presented in the novel is black womens roll. Angelou presents womens condition during this period and describes their lives in a male-dominated society. She also shows how its even laboriouser being a black adult female, having to overcome this coerce of sexism and racism. Some women are able to do so and become great.For example, Momma is a sure-fire black woman, who owns a store and is considered to be wealthy. She is able to overcome the condition she is submitted to by society and become the most successful black woman in Stamps. Marguerite also serves as an example for black womens roll during 1969. She lives in a hostile military personnel defined by beauty in terms of whiteness Wouldnt they be surprised when one day I woke out o f my black ugly dream, and my real hair, which was long and blond, would take the place of this kinky sess that Momma wouldnt let me straighten?My light-blue eyes were deviation to hypnotize them (Angelou 2) Marguerite believes the only way to be a pleasing and successful woman is by being white. With the help of strong female person role models in her family and community Momma, Vivian, Grandmother Baxter, and Bertha Flowers, she is able to overcome her racist and sexist beliefs, succeed in her life and become the great woman she is known to be today.Maya Angelous I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a true story about the authors hard life during the 1960s, a time in which black people are seen as inferior in many different aspects by society. The novel shows how they fight against racism, sexism and prejudice, and how white people also experience prejudice from black people. These themes are presented in the most realistic and crude way possible. In the end, Maya transforms from a victim of prejudice and racism with an inferiority complex to a self-confident young woman who is able to react to racism with dignity and pride.

How Important It Is for Parents to Teach Gender Roles to Their Children Essay

How important it is for elevates to teach sexual activity references to their children? Topics such as abortion, capital punishment, and gender role have continuously been commonly discussed subject in society since the dawn of prison term. Gender role simply defined is a souls inner comprehend of how a male or female should feel and behave. Society and market-gardening argon very important in relation to this subject. This means incompatible societies and cultures may produce children and later, grown men and women, who have quite clean-cut views of a man or a womans throw in in the world around them, and it is often determined by their parents decide at their early age of childishness.Dozens of researches and studies show that parents attitude and behaviours could affect their children both positively and negatively which makes it imperative for the parent to bear the burden of teaching the children.. Boys must nobble what boys and men do, what they like, and flat ho w they think and feel. Females do likewise as they learn the roles for girls and women. When children seem already aware of differences between what men and women wear and do, then children are late involved in this search for these roles. This action also blends in with the cognitive process of them searching for their identities.Through myriad activities, opportunities, encouragements, discouragements, overt behaviours, covert suggestions, and various forms of guidance, children stupefy how they fit into their gender role among opposites. As children grow and develop, the gender stereotypes they are exposed to at home are reinforced by separate elements in their environment and are thus perpetuated throughout childhood and on into adolescence.By the time a person steps into adulthood, the influence from the parents from the childhood will result in the change of his personality and attitude towards others. If the person has been taught how to deal with gender roles properly., he would understand that rather than blaming each other for the situation, he and his partner should be willing to work together to learn about their hot roles. Successful marriage partners learn to negotiate and voice tasks. Managers take employees aside and tell them when comments are inappropriate. It will take time to sort out all the implications in the changing of gender roles, moreover with correct guidance, it should result in check workplaces, better relationships, better schools, and better lives.The shifting of gender roles in the past few decades has been huge. It has happened so apace that men and women are still trying to sort out what the new roles are as well as what the rules mean to them. Although women are no longer expected to be the keepers of the house nonetheless, in reality, this is still accepted in most families. Frankly, men are generally open to the successes enjoyed by the women they share their lives with, but some still find it hard to notice a womans triumphs because they feel it diminishes their own.

Primal Fear Reflection

If some genius in my family suddenly became diagnosed with a serious mental disorder I would be surprised. My family does not pay much of a history of mental disorders so it would be move to reach to deal with one. Depending on the mental disorder my loved one would be diagnosed with would change the way I helped them. If someone in my family unploughed forgetting things it would be very unmanageable to dash care of. I would have to repeat the same things over and over and over until they could under deliver what I was saying. The multiple personality disorder would also be very hard to control.If the slightest thing I did would piss them off I would have to hush them down somehow depending on what it was that I did wrong, although most of the time the in truth person has no idea what happened afterwards. I would love my family member no matter what their condition would be. I would take care of them in as many ways affirmable to help them live close to popular lives despit e their struggle with a mental disorder. My habits would simply change to their advantage. I would try and be there as much as possible to make sure they werent getting worse and/or causing more and more problems.I would say the most important thing to take care of my family member would be interchanging depending on what mental disorder they were diagnosed with. I dont think I could be able to stand seeing my mom or dad or sisters turn into an take turns person who was the complete opposite as them. A serious bipolar disorder would cause me to struggle with their emotions and be able to understand what they were doing and how I could help them. My family members are very important to me and I would go prohibited of my way to help them if they were diagnosed with a serious mental disorder.

Street Light

INDEX S.NO TITLE PAGE NO 1 origination 1 2 solar animation 4 3 Photovoltaics 24 4 solar Cell 28 5 solar channel 51 6 Comp championnt description 55 7 work of Project 82 8 Conclusion 86 9 Images 91 10 Bibliography 93 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION solar verve, radiant comfortable and mania from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times use a range of ever-evolving technologies.solar thrust technologies overwhelm solar shake uping, solar photovoltaics, solar thermic electricity and solar computer architecture, which outhouse ground confacerable contri onlyions to work nigh of the nearly urgent efficacy problems the man now faces. solar precedent is the rebirth of sun frolicsome into electricity, either straighta bureau exploitation photovoltaic (PV), or in beamly apply turn solar originator (CSP). difficult solar situation systems use lenses or mirrors and bring in systems to concentrate a boastfully ara of sun kindling into a s m all(prenominal) beam. Photovoltaics convert cle ard into electric on-going development the photoelectric government issue. A Street weak, lamppost, path lamp, kindling standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of sprightlyheaded on the edge of a passageway or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time any night.Modern lamps whitethorn to a fault strike unclouded-sensitive photo jail mobile phones to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in vague weather. In cured illume this function would ca-ca been completeed with the aid of a solar dial. It is non uncommon for street gentles to be on posts which dumbfound wires strung among them such(prenominal)(prenominal) as on telephone poles or utility poles. New street strong-defineding technologies, such as light(a)-emitting diode or induction lights, emit a lily-white light that yields exalted levels of scotopic lumens al baseing street lights with low-downer wattages an d raze photopic lumens to replace existing street lights. Photovoltaic- billet light-emitting diode lumin lineagees be gaining wider acceptance.Preliminary bea tests show that some LED luminaires be capability- high-octane and per take in well in testing purlieus. This project is a LED establish solar Lights is an automatic street lightening system using a LDR and 6V/5W solar add-in. During twenty-four hours time, the internal loadable battery receives charging current from the committed solar pointl. Here IC 555 is wired as a moderate current inverting air driver, switched by an encapsulated light detector (LDR). When ambient light dims, the moves drive the white LEDs. When the ambient light level re inserts, circuit returns to its curt state and light(s) switched off by the circuit. Block Diagram SOLAR qualification SOLAR ENERGYsolar strength, radiant light and rut from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving tech nologies. solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture and sentimental photosynthesis, which basin conduct signifi crumbt contri merelyions to solving some of the some urgent energy problems the being now faces. Solar technologies atomic come in 18 in the main characterized as either in combat-ready solar or alert solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distri plainlye solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal bundle upors to harness the energy.Passive solar techniques include orienting a social organisation to the Sun, selecting textiles with hearty thermal skunk or light dispersing properties, and creationing lacunas that life samely circulate air. In 2011, the im stuff and nonsense heftiness Agency said that the using of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will keep up big longer- conside balan cen benefits. It will increase countries energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and in the main import-independent resource, kindle sustainability, geld pollution, lower the comprises of mitigating mode change, and financial backing fossil enkindle prices lower than separatewise. These advantages atomic number 18 global.Hence the additive make ups of the incentives for primal deployment should be considered schooling investments they must be wisely spent and need to be astray sh atomic number 18d. The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation ( thermic fever) at the belt alonging atmosphere. Approximately 30% is glittered fend for to space while the rest is oblivious by clouds, oceans and come masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earths surface is somely spread across the visible and near-infr ard ranges with a underage part in the near-ultraviolet. Earths land surface, oceans and atmosphere depict solar rad iation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated piddle from the oceans heaves, create atmospheric circulation or convection.When the air get ates a high altitude, where the temperature is low, body of pee vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earths surface, completing the pee cycle. The latent heat of pissing condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as pourboire, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absent by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 C. By photosynthesis green call offs convert solar energy into chemical energy, which evolves food, wood and the biomass from which fossil raises atomic number 18 derived. The wide solar energy enlisted by Earths atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per social class. In 2002, this was much energy in one hour than the realism use in one year.Photosynthesis captures approximat ely 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The technical effectiveness in stock(predicate) from biomass is from coke300 EJ/year. The issue forth of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so extensive that in one year it is about twice as a lot as will ever be do worked from all of the Earths non-renewable resources of coal, oil, raw(a) gas, and mine uranium combined. Solar energy can be harnessed at different levels around the world, virtuallyly depending on distance from the equator. pic Average thermic fever showing land argona (small blackness dots) dominated to replace the world primary energy come forth with solar electricity. 18 TW is 568 Exajoule (EJ) per year.Insolation for some community is from one hundred fifty to 300 W/m2 or 3. 5 to 7. 0 kWh/m2/day. Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for concrete ends. however, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the sun. Solar technologies argo n broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute temperateness. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting stuffs with gold thermal properties, shapeing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a make to the Sun.Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and argon considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for skip resources and ar aboutly considered pick up side technologies. APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY Averageinsolationshowing land argona (small black dots) required to replace the world primary energy supply with solar electricity. 18 TW is 568 Exajoule (EJ) per year. Insolation for most people is from 150 to 300 W/m2or 3. 5 to 7. 0 kWh/m2/day. Solar energy refers primarily to the use ofsolar radiationfor concrete end s. However, all renewable energies, other thangeothermalandtidal, derive their energy from the sun. Solar technologies argon broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight.Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a structure to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are consideredsupply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are mostly considered gather up side technologies ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN grooming pic Darmstadt University of Technologyin Germanywon the 2007Solar Decathlonin Washington, D. C. with thispassive stand intentional specifically for the humid and hot subtropical climate.Sunligh t has influenced developing design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban grooming rules were first employed by theGreeksandChinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. The common features ofpassive solararchitecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact pro administer (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) andthermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can stick well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. SocratesMegaron kinsperson is a classic example of passive solar design.The most new begines to solar design use computer modeling tying togethersolar lighting,heatingandventilationsystems in an mergedsolar designpackage. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system per plaster annulusageance. Urban heat islands (UHI) ar e metropolitan areas with high temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher(prenominal) temperatures are a result of increase submerging of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which nonplus loweralbedosand higherheat capacitiesthan those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees.Using these methods, a hypothetical peaceful communities program inLos Angeleshas communicate that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3C at an estimated cost of US$1billion, giving estimated total yearbook benefits of US$530million from reduced air-conditioning costs and health railroad care savings. 23 AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE pic Greenhouses deal these in the Westland municipality of theNetherlands develop vegetables, payoffs and flowers. Agricultureandhorticultureseek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the outputivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights surrounded by rows and the con insipide of plant varieties can improve crop yields. 2425While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the richness of solar energy to horticulture.During the short emergence seasons of theLittle Ice Age, French andsidefarmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and speed up ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were build plumb line to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were highly-highly-developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699,Nicolas Fatio de Duillier so far suggested using a gradeing mechanismwhich could pivot to follow the Sun. 26Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. 2728Mo re of late the applied science has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses. 29Greenhousesconvert solar light to heat, enabling year-round doing and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants non naturally fit to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first use during Roman times to evokecucumbersyear-round for the Roman emperorTiberius. 30The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. 31Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and pliant transparent materials baffle in handle manner been utilise to similar effect inpolytunnelsandrow suppresss. TRANSPORT AND reconnaissance mission pic Australia hosts the introduction Solar Challengewhere solar cars analogous the Nuna3 race through a 3,021km (1,877mi) course from Darwin to Adelaide. increment of a solar ply car has been an appl ied science goal since the 1980s. TheWorld Solar Challengeis a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877mi) across central Australia fromDarwintoAdelaide. In 1987, when it was founded, the w home(a)s average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42mph) and by 2007 the winners average speed had meliorate to 90. 87 kilometres per hour (56. 46mph). 32TheNorth American Solar Challengeand the planSouth African Solar Challengeare comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles. 3334Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the inside(prenominal) cool, olibanum reducing fuel purpose. 3536 In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. 37By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now employ extensively. 38In 1996,Kenichi Horie do the first sola r powered crossbred of the Pacific Ocean, and thesun21catamaran do the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 20062007. 39There are plans to grasp the globe in 2010. 40 pic Helios UAVin solar powered flight. In 1974, the fazeAstroFlight Sunriseplane make the first solar flight.On 29 April 1979, theSolar Risermade the first flight in a solar powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12m). In 1980, theGossamer Penguinmade the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was pronto followed by theSolar Challengerwhich crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990Eric Scott Raymondin 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. 41Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the usher(1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in theHelioswhich set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864ft) in 2001. 42The Zephyr, developed byBAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights are envisioned by 2010. 43 Asolar balloonis a black balloon that is acquireed with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is alter and expands causing an upwardbuoyancyforce, much like an artificially heatedhot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally confine to the toy marketplace as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high. 44 DAYLIGHTING pic Daylighting features such as thisoculusat the top of thePantheon, inRome, Italy have been in use since antiquity.The history of lighting is dominated by the use of natural light. The Romans recognized a decent to lightas early as the6th centuryand English law echoed these judgments with the Prescription Act of 1832. 4546In the 20th century artificiallightingbecame the main source of interior illuminat ion but daylighting techniques and hybrid solar lighting solutions are ways to reduce energy consumption. Daylightingsystems collect and distribute sunlight to provide interior illumination. This passive technology instantly offsets energy use by replacing artificial lighting, and collaterally offsets non-solar energy use by reducing the need forair-conditioning. 47Although difficult to quantify, the use ofnatural lighting in any case offers physiological and psychological benefits compared toartificial lighting. 47Daylighting design implies scrupulous selection of window tokens, size of its and orientation exterior shading change stategamajigs whitethorn be considered as well. Deciduous trees at the east and west ends of buildings offer fantasm in the summer and do non block the sun in the winter. 48Individual features include seetooth roofs,clerestory windows, light shelves,skylightsandlight tubes. They may be incorporated into existing structures, but are most effectiv e when integrated into asolar designpackage that accounts for doers such asglare, heat flux andtime-of-use.When daylighting features are properly implemented they can reduce lighting-related energy urgencys by 25%. 49 Hybrid solar lighting(HSL) is anactive solarmethod of providing interior illumination. HSL systems collect sunlight using focusing mirrors that encompass the Sunand useoptical fibersto transmit it inside the building to stick on conventional lighting. In single-story coverings these systems are able to transmit 50% of the direct sunlight received. 50 Solar lights that buck during the day and light up at dusk are a common sight along walkways. 51Solar-charged lanterns have become popular in developing countries where they provide a safer and cheaper resource to ke come upne lamps. 52Althoughdaylight saving timeis promoted as a way to use sunlight to save energy, recent look reports contradictory results some(prenominal) studies report savings, but just as many s uggest no effect or even a net loss, particularly when petrolconsumption is taken into account. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies. 53 SOLAR thermic Solar thermal technologies can be employ for water heating, space heating, space chilling and member heat generation. 54 WATER HEATING pic Solar water heaters facing theSunto maximize gain. Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water.In low geographical latitudes (below 40degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60C can be provided by solar heating systems. 55The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube storage batterys (44%) and vitreous level(p) plate collectors (34%) generally utilize for domestic hot water and crank little plastic collectors (21%) employ mainly to heat swimming pools. 56 As of 2007, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems is approximately 154G W. 57China is the world leader in their deployment with 70GW installed as of 2006 and a long term goal of 210GW by 2020. 58IsraelandCyprusare the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. 59In the fall in States, Canada and Australia heating swimming pools is the superior application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of 18GW as of 2005. 18 HEATING, COOLING AND VENTILATION pic Solar dramaturgy 1 ofMassachusetts Institute of Technologyin the linked States, built in 1939, useSeasonal thermal energy storage (STES)for year-round heating. In the joined States,heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC) systems account for 30% (4. 65EJ) of the energy utilize in mercenary buildings and nearly 50% (10. 1EJ) of the energy used in residential buildings. 4960Solar heating, change and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy.Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heatheat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. normal thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by gripping solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment. 61A solar chimney (or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated causing anupdraftthat pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass mat erials62in a way that mimics greenhouses. Deciduoustrees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter. 63Since bare, defoliated trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, in that respect is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the correspond loss of winter heating. 64In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the southern side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter solar gain. 65 WATER TREATMENT pic Solar water disinfectioninIndonesia pic Small outdo solar powered toilet treatment plant. Solar distillate can be used to makesalineorbrackish waterpotable. The first recorded cause of this was by 16th century Arab alchemists. 66A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in theChileanmining township of Las Salinas. 67The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700m2, could produce up to 22,700Lper day and scatd for 40years. 67Individualstilldesigns include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and bigeminal effect. 66These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are to a greater extent suitable for large-scale applications. 66 Solar waterdisinfection(SODIS) involves exposing water- modifyed plasticpolyethylene terephthalate(PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. 68Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two old age during fully overcast conditions. 69It is recommended by t heWorld Health Organizationas a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. 70 over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water. 69 Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat superabundance waterwithout chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is thatalgaegrow in such ponds and consumecarbon dioxidein photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable. 7172 COOKING picThe Solar whorl inAuroville,India, concentrates sunlight on a movable receiver to producesteamforcooking. Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying andpasteurization. They can be class into iii broad categories misfortune cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. 73The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built byHorace de Saussurein 1767. 74A underlying box cooker lie ins of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used in effect with parti ally overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90150C. 75Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers.Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315C and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun. 76 Thesolar bowlis a concentrating technology employed by the Solar Kitchen atAuroville, inTamil Nadu,India, where a stationary spherical reflector focuses light along a line perpendicular to the spheres interior surface, and a computer control system moves the receiver to intersect this line. Steam is produced in the receiver at temperatures reaching 150C and then used for process heat in the kitchen. 77A reflector developed byWolfgang Schefflerin 1986 is used in many solar kitchens. Scheffler reflectors are flexible par abolic dishes that combine aspects of trough and power tower concentrators. Polar introduceis used to follow the Suns daily course and the curvature of the reflector is adjusted for seasonal variations in the incident angle of sunlight. These reflectors can reach temperatures of 450650C and have a fixed focal point, which simplifies cooking. 78The worlds largest Scheffler reflector system in Abu Road,Rajasthan, India is candid of cooking up to 35,000 meals a day. 79As of 2008, over 2,000 large Scheffler cookers had been built worldwide. 80 surgical work HEATSolar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for moneymaking(prenominal) and industrial applications. The first commercial system was theSolar Total heftiness Project(STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clo trimg factory. This grid-c onnected cogeneration system provided 400kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401kW steam and 468kW chilled water, and had a one hour peak load thermal storage. 81 Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids throughevaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy.Modern uses include concentrating souse solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. 82 enclothe lines,clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the right to dry clothes. 83 Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22C and deliver outlet temperatures of 4560C. 84The short requital period of transpired collectors (3 to 12yea rs) makes them a to a greater extent cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. 84As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000m2had been installed worldwide, including an 860m2collector inCosta Ricaused for drying coffee beans and a 1,300m2collector inCoimbatore, India used for drying marigolds. 28 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION pic ThePS10concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats on a central tower. Solar power is the variety of sunlight intoelectricity, either directly usingphotovoltaics(PV), or indirectly usingconcentrated solar power(CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using thephotoelectric effect. mercenary CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since 1985 the eventually 354 MWSEGSCSP installation, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world. opposite large CSP plants include the 150 MWSolnova Solar mogul broadcastand the 100 MWAndasol solar power station, both in Spain. The 250 MWAgua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 214 MWCharanka Solar ParkinIndia, are theworlds largestphotovoltaic plants. Solar projects exceeding 1 GW are being developed, but most of the deployed photovoltaics are in small rooftop arrays of less than 5 kW, which are grid connected using net metering and/or a feed-in tariff. 85 gruelling solar power Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant.A wide range of concentrating technologies exists the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems aworking fluidis heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. 86 PHOTOVOLTAICS PHOTOVOLTAICS A solar electric jail mobile phoneular phone, or photovoltaic carrell (PV), is a device that converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The first solar carrell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cadre using silver selenite in place of copper color oxide.Although the prototype selenium booths converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, queryers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the te solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4. 56%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum talent of research photovoltaics is over 40%. OTH ERS Besides concentrated solar power and photovoltaics, there are some other techniques used to generated electricity using solar power. These include Dye-sensitized_solar_cells, Luminescent solar concentrators (a type of concentrated photovoltaics or CPV technology), Biohybrid solar cells, Photon Enhanced Thermionic Emission systems. Development, deployment and economics Beginning with the surge in coal use which accompanied the Industrial Revolution, energy consumption has steady transitioned from wood and biomass to fossil fuels. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and pet occasionum. 109The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed direction to developing sola r technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the fair weather Program in Japan. Other thrusts included the formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE). Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels.As with photovoltaics, solar water heating attracted renewed at plying as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s and growth rates have averaged 20% per year since 1999. 57 Although generally underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007. The International Energy Agency has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces The development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits.It will increase countries energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaic panels, solar water heaters and power stations built with mirrors could provide a third of the worlds energy by 2060 i f politicians commit to control climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy big businessman and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters. The strength of solar is the incredible regeneration and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale. We have proved that after our stores of oil and coal are weary the human race can receive unlimited power from the rays of the sun. heel Shuman, New York Times, July 2, 1916 SOLAR CELL SOLAR CELL A solar cell made from a infectious mononucleosiscrystalline te wafer Solar cells can be used devices such as this portable monocrystalline solar charger. A solar cell ( excessively called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristicse. g. urrent, potential, or resistancevary when ligh t is incident upon it) which, when open to light, can generate and support an electric current without being given over to any foreign voltage source. The term photovoltaic comes from the Greek (phos) import light, and from Volt, the unit of electro-motive force, the volt, which in turn comes from the last name of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta, inventor of the battery (electrochemical cell). The term photo-voltaic has been in use in English since 1849. Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the practical application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity from light, though it is very much used specifically to refer to the generation of electricity from sunlight.Cells can be described as photovoltaic even when the light source is not necessarily sunlight (lamplight, artificial light, etc. ). In such cases the cell is sometimes used as a photodetector (for example infrared detectors), detecting light or other electromagnetic radiationn ear the visible range, or measuring light intensity. The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes 1. The absorption of light, generating either electron-hole pairs or excitons. 2. The separation of charge carriers of opposite types. 3. The separate extraction of those carriers to an external circuit. In contrast, a solar thermal collector collects heat by absorbing sunlight, for the purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation. Photoelectrolytic cell (photoelectrochemical cell), on the other hand, refers either a type of photovoltaic cell (like that developed by A. E. Becquerel and modern dye-sensitized solar cells) or a device that splits water directly into hydrogen and atomic number 8 using only solar illumination. FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS In the time since Bermans work, improvements have brought output signal costs down under $1 a watt, with in large quantities costs well under $2. Balance of system costs are now more than the panels themselves. Large commercial arrays can be built at below $3. 40 a watt,1213fully commissioned. As the semiconductor unit industry moved to ever-larger boules, older equipment became available at fire-sale prices.Cells have expectant in size as older equipment became available on the superfluous market ARCO Solars original panels used cells with 2 to 4 butt against (51 to 100mm) diameter. Panels in the 1990s and early 2000s generally used 5inch (125mm) wafers, and since 2008 almost all new panels use 6inch (150mm) cells. This material has less capacity, but is less expensive to produce in tidy sum. The far-flung introduction offlat screen televisionsin the late 1990s and early 2000s led to the wide availability of large sheets of high-quality glass, used on the breast of the panels. In terms of the cells themselves, there has been only one major change. During the 1990s, poly ti cells became increasingly popular.These cells offer less efficiency than their mono ti counte r move, but they are grown in large vats that greatly reduce the cost of production. By the mid-2000s, poly was dominant in the low-cost panel market, but more of late a variety of factors has pushed the higher performance mono back into widespread use. CURRENT EVENTS Other technologies have tried to enter the market. First Solarwas briefly the largest panel manufacturer in 2009, in terms of yearly power produced, using a stretch- charter cell sandwiched between two layers of glass. Since then ti panels reasserted their dominant position both in terms of lower prices and the rapid rise of Chinese manufacturing, resulting in the top producers being Chinese.By late 2011, efficient production in China, coupled with a drop in European demand due to budgetary turmoil had dropped prices for crystalline solar- ground modules further, to about $1. 0913per watt in October 2011, down sharply from the price per watt in 2010. A more modern process, mono-like-multi, aims to offer the performa nce of mono at the cost of poly, and is in the process of being introduced in 2012citation need. APPLICATIONS pic Polycrystallinephotovoltaic cells laminated to backing material in a module pic pic Polycrystalline photovoltaic cells Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as amodule. Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of glass on the front (sun up) side, allowing light to pass while protecting the emiconductorwafersfrom abrasion and impact due to wind-driven debris,rain,hail, etc. Solar cells are also usually connected in serialin modules, creating an additivevoltage. Connecting cells in parallel will yield a higher current however, very significant problems exist with parallel connections. For example, use up in effects can shut down the weaker (less illuminated) parallel string (a number of series connected cells) causing red-blooded power loss and even damaging the weaker string because of the excessivereverse biasapplied to the outraged cells by their illuminated partners. Strings of series cells are usually handled singly and not connected in parallel, special paralleling circuits are the exceptions.Although modules can be interconnected to create anarraywith the desired peak DC voltage and loading current capacity, using independent MPPTs (maximum power point trackers) provides a better solution. In the absence of paralleling circuits, shunt diodes can be used to reduce the power loss due to shadowing in arrays with series/parallel connected cells. To make practical use of the solar-generated energy, the electricity is most often fed into the electricity grid using inverters (grid-connectedphotovoltaic systems) in stand-alone systems, batteries are used to store the energy that is not needed immediately. Solar panels can be used to power or recharge portable devices. THEORYThe solar cell works in three go 1. Photonsinsunlighthit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon. 2. Electron s(negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, causing an electric potential difference. Current starts flowing through the material to take off the potential and this electricity is captured. Due to the special composition of solar cells, the electrons are only allowed to move in a single direction. 3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount ofdirect current(DC) electricity. EFFICIENCY Solar panels on the International Space Station absorb light from both sides.These Bifacial cells are more efficient and operate at lower temperature than single sided equivalents. The efficiency of a solar cell may be broken down into reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency and conductive efficiency. The overall efficiency is the product of each of these individual efficiencies. A solar cell usually has a voltage dependent efficiency curve, temperature coefficients, and shadow angles. Due to the difficulty in measu ring these parameters directly, other parameters are measured instead thermodynamic efficiency, quantum efficiency,integrated quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor.Reflectance losses are a portion of the quantum efficiency under external quantum efficiency. Recombination losses make up a portion of the quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor. Resistive losses are predominantly categorized under fill factor, but also make up minor portions of the quantum efficiency, VOC ratio. The fill factor is defined as the ratio of the actual maximum obtainable power to the product of the open circuit voltage and short circuit current. This is a key parameter in evaluating the performance of solar cells. Typical commercial solar cells have a fill factor 0. 70. Grade B cells have a fill factor usually between 0. 4 to 0. 7. 14 Cells with a high fill factor have a low equivalent series resistance and a high equivalent shunt resistance, so less of the current produced by the cell is dissipated in internal losses. Single pn join crystalline silicon devices are now approaching the theoretical limiting power efficiency of 33. 7%, noted as the ShockleyQueisser limit in 1961. In the extreme, with an endless number of layers, the corresponding limit is 86% using concentrated sunlight. pic describe timeline of solar cell energy conversion efficiencies (from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA)) MATERIALS pic pic TheShockley-Queisser limitfor the theoretical maximum efficiency of a solar cell. Semiconductors withband gapbetween 1 and 1. eV, or near-infrared light, have the greatest potential to form an efficient cell. (The efficiency limit shown here can be exceeded bymulti junction solar cells. ) Various materials display varying efficiencies and have varying costs. Materials for efficient solar cells must have characteristics matched to the spectrum of available light. Some cells are designed to efficiently convert wavelengths of solar light that reach the E arth surface. However, some solar cells are optimized for light absorption beyond Earths atmosphere as well. Light absorbing materials can often be used inmultiple physical configurationsto take advantage of different light absorption and charge separation mechanisms.Materials depictly used for photovoltaic solar cells includemonocrystalline silicon,polycrystalline silicon,amorphous silicon,cadmium telluride, andcopper indium selenide/sulfide. 2526 Many currently available solar cells are made from bulk materials that are cut intowafersbetween 180 to 240micrometers abstruse that are then processed like other semiconductors. Other materials are made asthin-filmslayers, organicdyes, and organicpolymersthat are deposited onsupporting substrates. A third mathematical group are made fromnanocrystalsand used asquantum dots(electron-confinednanoparticles). Silicon remains the only material that is well-researched in bothbulkandthin-filmforms. CRYSTALLINE SILICON picBasic structure of a silicon ground solar cell and its working mechanism. By far, the most prevalent bulk material for solar cells is crystalline silicon (abbreviated as a group as c-Si), also known as solar grade silicon. Bulk silicon is uncaring into multiple categories according to crystallinity and crystal size in the resulting ingot, ribbon, orwafer. 1. monocrystalline silicon (c-Si) often made using the Czochralski process. Single-crystal wafer cells tend to be expensive, and because they are cut from cylindrical ingots, do not completely cover a square solar cell module without a actual waste of refined silicon. Hence most c-Si panels have uncovered gaps at the four corners of the cells. 2. olycrystalline silicon, or multicrystalline silicon, (poly-Si or mc-Si) made from cast square ingots large blocks of molten silicon carefully cooled and solidified. Poly-Si cells are less expensive to produce than single crystal silicon cells, but are less efficient. United States Department of Energy data show that there were a higher number of polycrystalline sales than monocrystalline silicon sales. 3. ribbon silicon is a type of polycrystalline silicon it is formed by drawing flat thin films from molten silicon and results in a polycrystalline structure. These cells have lower efficiencies than poly-Si, but save on production costs due to a great reduction in silicon waste, as this approach does not require sawing from ingots. 4. ono-like-multi silicon Developed in the 2000s and introduced commercially around 2009, mono-like-multi, or cast-mono, uses existing polycrystalline casting chambers with small seeds of mono material. The result is a bulk mono-like material with poly around the outsides. When sawn apart for processing, the inner sections are high-efficiency mono-like cells (but square instead of clipped), while the outer edges are sold off as conventional poly. The result is line that produces mono-like cells at poly-like prices. Analysts have predicted that prices of pol ycrystalline silicon will drop as companies build additional polysilicon capacity quicker than the industrys projected demand. On the other hand, the cost of producing upgraded alloylurgical-grade silicon, also known as UMG Si, can potentially be sixth that of makingpolysilicon.Manufacturers of wafer- ground cells have responded to high silicon prices in 20042008 prices with rapid reductions in silicon consumption. According to Jef Poortmans, director of IMECs organic and solar department, current cells use between eight and nine grams of silicon per watt of power generation, with wafer thicknesses in the area of 0. 200 mm. At 2008 springs IEEEPhotovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVS08), John Wohlgemuth, staff scientist at BP Solar, account that his company has qualified modules base on 0. 180 mm thick wafers and is testing processes for 0. 16 mm wafers cut with 0. 1 mm wire. IMECs road map, presented at the organizations recent annual research review meeting, envisions use of 0. 08 mm wafers by 2015. Gallium arsenide multijunctionHigh-efficiency multijunction cells were originally developed for special applications such as satellites and space exploration, but at present, their use in terrestrial concentrators skill be the lowest cost alternative in terms of $/kWh and $/W. 35 These multijunction cells consist of multiple thin films produced using metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. A triple-junction cell, for example, may consist of the semiconductors GaAs, Ge, and GaInP2. 36 Each type of semiconductor will have a characteristic band gap energy which, loosely speaking, causes it to absorb light most efficiently at a certain color, or more precisely, to absorb electromagnetic radiation over a portion of the spectrum.Combinations of semiconductors are carefully chosen to absorb nearly the entire solar spectrum, hence generating electricity from as much of the solar energy as possible. GaAs based multijunction devices are the most efficient solar cells to date. In October 15, 2012, triple junction metamorphic cell reached a record high of 44%. 37 in tandem solar cells based on monolithic, series connected, tabun indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium arsenide GaAs, and germanium Ge pn junctions, are seeing demand apace rise. Between December 2006 and December 2007, the cost of 4N gallium metal rose from about $350 per kg to $680 per kg. Additionally, germanium metal prices have rise intimately to $10001200 per kg this year.Those materials include gallium (4N, 6N and 7N Ga), arsenic (4N, 6N and 7N) and germanium, pyrolitic group B nitride (pBN) crucibles for growing crystals, and boron oxide, these products are critical to the entire substrate manufacturing industry. Triple-junction GaAs solar cells were also being used as the power source of the Dutch four-time World Solar Challenge winners Nuna in 2003, 2005 and 2007, and also by the Dutch solar carsSolutra (2005), Twente One (2007) and 21Revolution (2009). The Dutch Radboud Unive rsity Nijmegen set the record for thin film solar cell efficiency using a single junction GaAs to 25. 8% in August 2008 using only 4 m thick GaAs layer which can be transferred from a wafer base to glass or plastic film. THIN FILMS picMarket share of the different PV technologiesIn 2010 the market share of thin film declined by 30% as thin film technology was displaced by more efficient crystalline silicon solar panels (the light and dark blue bars). Thin-film technologies reduce the amount of material required in creating the active material of solar cell. Most thin film solar cells are sandwiched between two panes of glass to make a module. Since silicon solar panels only use one pane of glass, thin film panels are approximately twice as intelligent as crystalline silicon panels. The majority of film panels have significantly lower conversion efficiencies, lagging silicon by two to three percentage points. 31Thin-film solar technologies have enjoyed large investment due to the mastery of First Solar and the largely unfulfilled promise of lower cost and flexibility compared to wafer silicon cells, but they have not become mainstream solar products due to their lower efficiency and corresponding larger area consumption per watt production. Cadmium telluride(CdTe),copper indium gallium selenide(CIGS) andamorphous silicon(A-Si) are three thin-film technologies often used as outdoor photovoltaic solar power production. CdTe technology is most cost competitive among them. 32CdTe technology costs about 30% less than CIGS technology and 40% less than A-Si technology in 2011. CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR CELLA cadmium telluride solar cell uses a cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film, asemiconductorlayer to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity. Solarbuzzhas reported that the lowest quoted thin-film module price stands at US$0. 84 perwatt-peak, with the lowest crystalline silicon (c-Si) module at $1. 06 per watt-peak. 33 Thecadmiumpresent in the cells would be toxic if released. However, release is hopeless during normal operation of the cells and is unlikely during ? res in residential roofs. 34A square meter of CdTe contains approximately the same amount of Cd as a single C cellNickel-cadmium battery, in a more stable and less soluble form. 34COPPER INDIUM GALLIUM SELENIDE Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is adirect band gapmaterial. It has the highest efficiency (20%) among thin film materials (seeCIGS solar cell). Traditional methods of fabrication involve inanity processes including co-evaporation and sputtering. Recent developments atIBMandNanosolarattempt to lower the cost by using non-vacuum solution processes. GALLIUM ARSENIDE MULTIJUNCTION High-efficiency multijunction cells were originally developed for special applications such assatellitesandspace exploration, but at present, their use in terrestrial concentrators might be the lowest cost alternative in terms of $/kWh and $/W. 35These multijunction cells consist of multiple thin films produced usingmetalorganic vapour phase epitaxy. A triple-junction cell, for example, may consist of the semiconductorsGaAs,Ge, andGaInP2. 36Each type of semiconductor will have a characteristicband gapenergy which, loosely speaking, causes it to absorb light most efficiently at a certain color, or more precisely, to absorbelectromagnetic radiationover a portion of the spectrum. Combinations of semiconductors are carefully chosen to absorb nearly all of the solar spectrum, thus generating electricity from as much of the solar energy as possible. GaAs based multijunction devices are the most efficient solar cells to date.In October 15, 2012, triple junction metamorphic cell reached a record high of 44%. 37 Tandem solar cells based on monolithic, series connected, gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium arsenide GaAs, and germanium Ge pn junctions, are seeing demand rapidly rise. Between December 2006 and December 2007, the cost of 4N gallium metal rose from about $350 p er kg to $680 per kg. Additionally, germanium metal prices have risen substantially to $10001200 per kg this year. Those materials include gallium (4N, 6N and 7N Ga), arsenic (4N, 6N and 7N) and germanium, pyrolitic boron nitride (pBN) crucibles for growing crystals, and boron oxide, these products are critical to the entire substrate manufacturing industry.Triple-junction GaAs solar cells were also being used as the power source of the Dutch four-timeWorld Solar ChallengewinnersNunain 2003, 2005 and 2007, and also by the Dutch solar carsSolutra (2005),Twente One (2007)and 21Revolution (2009). The DutchRadboud University Nijmegenset the record for thin film solar cell efficiency using a single junction GaAs to 25. 8% in August 2008 using only 4m thick GaAs layer which can be transferred from a wafer base to glass or plastic film. Light-absorbing dyes (DSSC) Dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs) are made of low-cost materials and do not need elaborate equipment to manufacture, so they ca n be made in aDIYfashion, possibly allowing players to produce more of this type of solar cell than others. In bulk it should be significantly less expensive than oldersolid-statecell designs.DSSCs can be engineered into flexible sheets, and although itsconversion efficiencyis less than the bestthin film cells, itsprice/performance ratioshould be high enough to allow them to compete withfossil fuel electrical generation. Typically arutheniummetalorganicdye(Ru-centered) is used as amonolayerof light-absorbing material. The dye-sensitized solar cell depends on amesoporouslayer ofnanoparticulate atomic number 22 dioxideto greatly amplify the surface area (200300 m2/g TiO2, as compared to approximately 10 m2/g of flat single crystal). The photogenerated electrons from thelight absorbing dyeare passed on to then-typeTiO2, and the holes are absorbed by anelectrolyteon the other side of the dye.The circuit is completed by a oxidation-reduction couple in the electrolyte, which can be liquid or solid. This type of cell allows a more flexible use of materials, and is typically fabricate byscreen stampor use ofUltrasonic Nozzles, with the potential for lower processing costs than those used forbulksolar cells. However, the dyes in these cells also suffer fromdegradationunder heat andUVlight, and the cell casing is difficult tosealdue to the solvents used in assembly. In spite of the above, this is a popular emerging technology with some commercial impact forecast within this decade. The first commercial shipment of DSSC solar modules occurred in July 2009 from G24i Innovations. 38 Quantum Dot Solar Cells (QDSCs)Quantum dot solar cells(QDSCs) are based on the Gratzel cell, ordye-sensitized solar cell, architecture but employ lowband gapsemiconductornanoparticles, fabricated with such small crystallite sizes that they formquantum dots(such asCdS,CdSe,Sb2S3,PbS, etc. ), instead of organic or organometallic dyes as light absorbers. Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much in terest because of their unique properties. Their size quantization allows for theband gapto be tuned by simply changing particle size. They also have highextinction coefficients, and have shown the possibility ofmultiple exciton generation. 39 In a QDSC, amesoporouslayer oftitanium dioxidenanoparticles forms the backbone of the cell, much like in a DSSC.This TiO2layer can then be made photoactive by coating with semiconductor quantum dots usingchemical bath proof, electrophoretic deposition, or successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction. The electrical circuit is then completed through the use of a liquid or solidredox couple. During the last 34 years, the efficiency of QDSCs has change magnitude rapidly40with efficiencies over 5% shown for both liquid-junction41and solid state cells. 42In an effort to decrease production costs of these devices, thePrashant Kamatresearch group43recently demonstrated a solar paint made with TiO2and CdSe that can be applied using a one-step meth od to any conductive surface and have shown efficiencies over 1%. 44 Organic/polymer solar cellsOrganic solar cellsare a relatively novel technology, yet hold the promise of a substantial price reduction (over thin-film silicon) and a faster return on investment. These cells can be processed from solution, hence the possibility of a simple roll-to-roll printing process, leading to inexpensive, large scale production. Organic solar cells andpolymer solar cellsare built from thin films (typically 100nm) oforganic semiconductorsincluding polymers, such aspolyphenylene vinyleneand small-molecule compounds like copper phthalocyanine (a blue or green organic pigment) andcarbon fullerenesand fullerene derivatives such asPCBM. Energy conversion efficiencies achieved to date using conductive polymers are low compared to inorganic materials.However, it has improved quickly in the last some years and the highestNREL(National Renewable Energy Laboratory) certified efficiency has reached 8. 3% for theKonarkaPower Plastic. 45In addition, these cells could be beneficial for some applications where mechanical flexibility and disposability are important. These devices differ from inorganic semiconductor solar cells in that they do not rely on the large built-in electric field of a PN junction to separate the electrons and holes created when photons are absorbed. The active region of an organic device consists of two materials, one which acts as an electron donor and the other as an acceptor.When a photon is converted into an electron hole pair, typically in the donor material, the charges tend to remain bound in the form of anexciton, and are separated when the exciton diffuses to the donor-acceptor interface. The short exciton diffusion lengths of most polymer systems tend to limit the efficiency of such devices. Nanostructured interfaces, sometimes in the form of bulk heterojunctions, can improve performance. 46 In 2011, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Techno logy and Michigan State University developed the first highly efficient transparent solar cells that had a power efficiency close to 2% with a transparency to the human ticker greater than 65%, achieved by selectively absorbing the ultraviolet and near-infrared parts of the spectrum with small-molecule compounds. 4748Researchers at UCLA more recently developed an analogous polymer solar cell, sideline the same approach, that is 70% transparent and has a 4% power conversion efficiency. 49The efficiency limits of both opaque and transparent organic solar cells were recently outlined. 5051These lightweight, flexible cells can be produced in bulk at a low cost, and could be used to create power generating windows. Silicon thin films Silicon thin-film cellsare mainly deposited bychemical vapor deposition(typically plasma-enhanced, PE-CVD) fromsilanegas andhydrogengas. Depending on the deposition parameters, this can yield52 1. shapeless silicon(a-Si or a-SiH) 2. Protocrystallinesilico n or 3. Nanocrystalline silicon(nc-Si or nc-SiH), also called microcrystalline silicon.It has been found that protocrystalline silicon with a low volume cipher of nanocrystalline silicon is optimal for high open circuit voltage. 53These types of silicon present dangling and twisted bonds, which results in deep defects (energy levels in the bandgap) as well as deformation of the valence and conduction bands (band tails). The solar cells made from these materials tend to have lowerenergy conversion efficiencythanbulksilicon, but are also less expensive to produce. Thequantum efficiencyof thin film solar cells is also lower due to reduced number of quiet charge carriers per incident photon. An amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell is made of amorphous or microcrystalline silicon and its basic electronic structure is thep-i-njunction. -Si is attractive as a solar cell material because it is abundant and non-toxic (unlike its CdTe counterpart) and requires a low processing temperature, e nabling production of devices to occur on flexible and low-cost substrates. As the amorphous structure has a higher absorption rate of light than crystalline cells, the complete light spectrum can be absorbed with a very thin layer of photo-electrically active material. A film only 1 micron thick can absorb 90% of the usable solar energy. 54This reduced material requirement along with current technologies being capable of large-area deposition of a-Si, the scalability of this type of cell is high.However, because it is amorphous, it has high inherent disorder and dangling bonds, making it a painful conductor for charge carriers. These dangling bonds act as recombination centers that severely reduce the carrier lifetime and pin the Fermi energy level so that doping the material to n- or p- type is not possible. Amorphous Silicon also suffers from the Staebler-Wronski effect, which results in the efficiency of devices utilizing amorphous silicon dropping as the cell is exposed to lig ht. The production of a-Si thin film solar cells uses glass as a substrate and deposits a very thin layer of silicon byplasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD).A-Si manufacturers are working towards lower costs per watt and higher conversion efficiency with continuous research and development onMultijunction solar cellsfor solar panels. Anwell Technologies Limitedrecently inform its target for mul